Improving Reading Comprehension Through Story Reading Essay

Improving Reading Comprehension Through Story Reading - Essay Example A related objective is helping understudies to rehearse the complex psychological and semantic tasks realized by intelligent understudy commitment in basic reasoning. The exercises are gotten ready for a specific story unit are completely identified with the story and the way toward understanding the writing better. The objective of stories is to animate one’s reasoning and creative mind. The exercises were planned dependent on Luke and Freebody’s Four Resource Model (1992). The Code Breaker exercises expect to open troublesome words that may fill in as boundaries to the readers’ full cognizance of the story. It additionally serves to explain certain ideas that would encourage the comprehension of the story. The Meaning Maker exercises test the readers’ get of ideas and how they may relate it to past encounters or to reasonable circumstances, in actuality. Note that the exercises don't really identify with the story, yet that is unequivocally how the content adds to the readers’ education †applying ideas from the story to reality. 1. Sequencing Events: Have various pieces of paper prepared. On each strip, record an expression or sentence delineating a particular occasion in the story. Present the occasion strip to the class in an irregular request. Let them reproduce the story utilizing the occasion strips. 2. Making the Setting Concrete: Each kid must concoct an imaginative leaflet about the setting of the story. Pictures and graphs/drawings might be utilized, and an imaginative, influential content must be composed to educate something regarding the spot. 3. Let the kids do a psyche guide of the story. With the principle characters in the guide, make branches and sub-parts of occasions to finish the story. Make headings of the branches are composed and speak to the occasions with drawings. One look at the brain guide will permit the watcher to disentangle what the story is about.

Marketing Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Showcasing - Research Paper Example The showcasing chooses about what to create and where to position and sell the item †which market fragment to provide food or how to separate the item from rivalry. Right recognizable proof of every one of these undertakings appropriate way is of central significance that in the end causes the association to flourish with regularly expanding deals. It will be generally suitable to investigate how the showcasing capacity can change the tides in company’s favor so the organization is put on high direction of development with pounding benefits. Smith (2011) contends that a few carriers increment their expenses by 25 percent just to get extra 5 percent of the market. It simply doesn't bode well if benefit is one of the objectives. Southwest aircrafts proceeded with a system of low evaluating for more than 4 decades yet with an emphasis on track showcase and that idea consistently remained with the organization. In a short separation travel, Southwest Airlines recognized the c lient needs as adaptable and effective travel, lesser time in loading up, opportune help and obviously, the moderate cost. Southwest Airlines addressed with these issues of its clients by expelling dinners, no preselecting of seat, no top of the line travel, no reserving through operator. To put it plainly, it was a determination between fulfilling each client at significant expense or fulfilling a greater part requiring little to no effort and the Southwest Airlines insightfully chose to pick the last mentioned. Southwest proceeds with this way of thinking even today. It works with productivity and with no additional ornaments when contrasted and contenders. Requiring little to no effort, it despite everything makes benefit and keeps on developing. The Starbucks Coffee Company is one of the quickest developing association and worth referencing for its judicious showcasing methodologies; particularly, private companies can gain so much from the organization. Beginning with only one store around 30 years prior, at present the organization claims a great many outlets in the US and abroad with the complete income surpassing $4 billion. Starbucks doesn't place promotion in papers or an announcement or a banner. They center around item quality giving flavorful taste and smell. Consumer loyalty has been their primary core value and with regards to that the organization has included more flavors in their serving, rapid wire-less web capacity in their outlets and wonderful condition. Their item and administrations represent themselves through verbal exposure disposing of any requirement for an elevated level advertisement battle. Apple Inc. is an exemplary instance of advancement and item improvement that immovably sets up the organization as generally looked for after in the commercial center so far its items are concerned. Mac came out with iPod, iTunes, iPhone and afterward the App Store. The iPod found the hole in MP3 player showcase and immediately filled the hol e to get more than 70 percent piece of the pie; that is extraordinary in the history. In the field of tablet PC, iPad’s piece of the overall industry is more than 50 percent †much in front of its closest opponent Samsung who is grieving at small 18 percent piece of the pie. In advanced cell showcase, iPhone’s piece of the pie has ascended by 10 rate focuses to contact

Industry and Market Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Industry and Market Analysis - Essay Example (Bieber, Meurer, Surmann and Rassek, 2013) A phone meet with the General Manager of The Surrey Hotel, a sumptuous Manhattan lodging on the Upper East Side, Mr. Shan Kanagasingham, uncovered that the cordiality business is one that has incredible business opportunity as far as overall revenues. As indicated by him, a great deal of financial specialists are battling to have a ‘piece of the cake’ of the accommodation business. He says that the pool of purchaser request is greater now for the friendliness business than it was some time back. Individuals are all the more ready to burn through cash on relaxation and diversion. Businessmen are likewise deciding on agreeable, rich and a top notch experience paying little mind to the measure of cash they spend, â€Å"value for money† is the thing that they call it. Mr. Shan says that they can get a normal of 500 visitors in a day whether it is for boarding purposes, visiting the wellness place or simply having a supper in the eateries or a conference in the gatheri ng rooms. He anyway expresses that the friendliness business is a cost cognizant business. The best lodgings are a joint endeavor from different financial specialists who arrange assets so as to make the best friendliness experience for its shoppers. One needs assets, for example, structures or premises, a pool and qualified human capital that will encourage the running of the inn in addition to other things. As indicated by a meeting did with the General Manager of New Intercontinental Dallas Mr. Scott Blakeslee, the imaginable income could average to $120.5 billion for the entire business in the year 2012. The America Hotel and Lodging affiliation has recorded an expansion in income in the friendliness business throughout the years. As indicated by Mr. Blakeslee, there has been an expansion in inhabitance in the business and along these lines makes the business more gainful than different years. Room inhabitance as a rule, is the thing that decides the overall revenues. In any case, he rushed to take note of that this

Night World Soulmate Chapter 11 Free Essays

Hannah mixed. She dubiously felt that something wasn't right, something required doing. At that point she recollected. We will compose a custom article test on Night World : Soulmate Chapter 11 or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now The vehicle! She needed to remain wakeful, needed to keep the vehicle out and about. . . Her eyes flew open. She was at that point off the street. The Ford had gone meandering over the open prairie, where there was nearly nothing to hit aside from sagebrush and tumble-weeds. It had wound up with its front guard against a thorny pear, bowing the desert plant at an unthinkable point. The night was calm. She glanced around and found that she could see the light of Chess’s house, behind her and to one side. The motor was off. Hannah turned the key in the start, however just got a granulating sound. Presently what? Would it be a good idea for me to get out and walk? She attempted to focus on her body, to make sense of how she felt. She should feel horrendous all things considered, she’d lost blood and gulped who recognized what sort of toxin from Thierry’s veins. Be that as it may, rather she just felt oddly woozy, marginally fantastic. I can walk. I’m fine. Clutching her length of dowel, she escaped the vehicle and headed toward the light. She could scarcely feel the unpleasant ground and the bluestem grass under her feet. She had approached a hundred yards toward the light when she heard a wolf yell. It was such an unmistakable sound-thus disjointed. Hannah halted abruptly. For a wild second she thought about whether coyotes cried. In any case, that was strange. It was a wolf, much the same as the wolves that had assaulted her at Paul’s. What's more, she didn’t have anything made of silver. Simply continue strolling, she thought. She didn’t need the cool breeze voice to disclose to her that. Indeed, even in her dizzy state, she was alarmed. She’d seen the viciousness of teeth and paws close up. Also, the piece of her that was Hana of the Three Rivers had a gut-profound dread of wild creatures that the socialized Hannah Snow would never start to approach. She grasped her stick in a damp palm and continued strolling dismally. The cry sounded once more, so close that Hannah bounced inside her skin. Her eyes shot, attempting to pick protests out in the murkiness. She felt as though she could see better than expected around evening time could the vampire blood have done that? Be that as it may, even with her new vision, she couldn’t spot anything moving. Her general surroundings was abandoned and frightfully tranquil. What's more, the stars were exceptionally far away. They bursted in the sky with a virus blue light as though to show how removed they were from human issues. I could bite the dust here and they’d go directly on sparkling, Hannah thought. She felt exceptionally little and very irrelevant and exceptionally alone. And afterward she heard a breath drawn behind her. Amusing. The wolf cries had been so uproarious, and this was so soft†¦ but it was substantially more alarming. It was close-cozy. An individual sound that revealed to her she unquestionably wasn’t alone. Hannah spun with her stick held prepared. Her skin was slithering and she could feel a wash of corrosive from her stomach, however she intended to battle for her life. She was at one with the cool breeze voice; her heart was dull and cold and steely. A tall figure was remaining there. Starlight reflected off pale fair hair. Thierry. Hannah leveled her stick. â€Å"What’s the issue? Return for more?† she stated, and she was satisfied to discover her voice consistent. Imposing, yet consistent. She waved her stick at him to show what sort of â€Å"more† she implied. â€Å"Are all of you right?† Thierry said. He appeared to be unique from the last time she’d seen him. His demeanor was extraordinary. His dim eyes appeared to be contemplative once more, the kind of articulation a star may have on the off chance that it thought about whatever was going on underneath it. Vastly remote, however interminably dismal, as well. â€Å"Why should you care?† A rush of tipsiness experienced her. She warded it off-and saw that he was venturing toward her, hand connecting. She got the stick ready to the specific degree of his hand, an inch from his palm. She was intrigued with herself for how quick she did it. Her body was moving the way it had with the werewolves, intuitively and easily. I guess I had an actual existence as a warrior, she considered. I think that’s where the cool breeze voice originates from, just the manner in which the precious stone voice originates from Hana of the Three Rivers. â€Å"I do care,† Thierry said. His voice said he didn’t anticipate that her should trust it. Hannah snickered. The blend of her wooziness and her body sense was having an odd impact. She felt recklessly, idiotically pompous. Possibly this is the thing that alcoholic feels like, she thought, her psyche meandering once more. â€Å"Hannah-â€Å" Hannah made the stick whistle noticeable all around, preventing him from coming any nearer to her. â€Å"Are you crazy?† she said. There were tears in her eyes. â€Å"Do you believe that you can simply assault me and afterward return what's more, state I’m sorry’ and it’s all going to be alright? All things considered, it isn’t. In the event that there was ever anything between us, it’s all over at this point. There is no second chance.† She could see his face tense. A muscle jerked in ~ his tight jaw. In any case, the most interesting thing was that she could have sworn he had tears in his eyes, as well. It maddened her. How could he profess to be harmed by her, after what he’d done? â€Å"I abhor you.† She spat the words with a power that surprised even her. â€Å"I don’t need you. I don’t need you. What's more, I’m letting you know for the third time, get the damnation far from me.† He had opened his mouth as though he were going to state something, yet when she got to ‘I don’t need, you,’ he abruptly shut it. At the point when she completed, he turned away, over the shortgrass prairie. â€Å"And perhaps that’s best,† he said quietly. â€Å"For you to keep away?† â€Å"For you to detest me.† He took a gander at her once more. Hannah had never observed eyes that way. They were outlandishly inaccessible and broke and still†¦ like the harmony after a war that murdered everybody. â€Å"Hannah, I came to reveal to you that I am going away,† he went on. His voice resembled his eyes, bloodless what's more, extinguished. â€Å"I’m returning home. I won’t trouble you once more. Also, you’re right; you don’t need me. You can carry on with a long and upbeat existence without me.† On the off chance that he anticipated that her should be dazzled, she wasn’t. She wouldn’t accept words from him any longer. â€Å"There’s only one thing.† He delayed. â€Å"Before I go, OK let me take a gander at you? At your neck. I need to ensure that†-another transient faltering â€Å"that I didn’t hurt you when I assaulted you.† Hannah chuckled once more, a short, sharp bark of a giggle. â€Å"How dumb do you think I am? That is to say, really.† She giggled again and heard an edge of panic in it. â€Å"If you need to accomplish something for me, you can turn around and go. Leave forever.† â€Å"I will.† There was such a great amount of strain all over. â€Å"I guarantee. I’m simply stressed over you getting inside before you faint.† â€Å"I can deal with myself. I don’t need any assistance from you.† Hannah was feeling dizzier continuously, however she did whatever it takes not to allow it to appear. â€Å"If you would simply leave, I’ll be fine.† Truth be told, she knew she wasn’t going to be fine. The dim spots were amassing before her eyes once more. She was going to pass out soon. At that point I’d better beginning for Chess’s, she thought. It was craziness to walk out on him, yet it was more terrible madness to remain here until she fallen at his feet. â€Å"I’m leaving now,† she stated, attempting to sound clear and exact and dissimilar to somebody who was going to fall over oblivious. â€Å"And I don’t need you to follow me.† She turned and began strolling. I won't swoon, I won't black out, she let herself know dismally. She swung her stick and attempted to take full breaths of the cool night air. In any case, tufts of grass appeared to be attempting to stumble her with each progression and the whole scene appeared to shake each time she gazed upward. I †¦ will†¦ not†¦ black out. She realized her life relied upon it. The ground appeared to be rubbery now, as though her feet were sinking into it and afterward bouncing back. Furthermore, where was the light that checked Chess’s house? It had by one way or another gotten over to one side of her. She remedied her course and discovered. I won't faint†¦. And afterward her legs basically dissolved. She didn’t have legs. The remainder of her fell gradually toward the ground. Hannah figured out how to dampen her fall with her arms. At that point everything was still and dull. She didn’t go out totally. She was coasting in obscurity, feeling woozy despite the fact that she was lying down, when she detected somebody adjacent to her. No, she thought. Get the stick. He’ll chomp you; he’ll slaughter you. Be that as it may, she couldn’t move. Her hand wouldn’t comply with her. She felt a delicate hand get over her hair her face. No †¦ At that point a touch on her neck. However, it was just delicate fingers, running daintily over the skin where she’d been nibbled today. They felt like a doctor’s fingers, investigating to analyze. She heard a moan that seemed like help, and afterward the fingers trailed away. â€Å"You’ll be all right.† Thierry’s voice went to her delicately. She understood he didn’t figure she could hear him. He thought she was oblivious. â€Å"As long as you avoid vampires for the following week.† Was that a danger? Hannah didn’t comprehend. She prepared herself for the penetrating agony of teeth. At that point she felt him contact her once more, simply his fingertips brushing her face. The touch was so immensely delicate. So delicate. No, Hannah thought. She needed to move, to ki

Request for proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Solicitation for proposition - Essay Example There are different arrangement of nourishments gave by Chipotle from which different clients would pick. The brand will be speaking to various explorers at FLL Airport Customers at the air terminal interest snappy administrations, a perspective that Chipotle vows to convey. Its four-advance arrangement is a strong bundle to diminish delays. The organization runs almost 350 exchanges for each hour at its quickest cafés to guarantee quick support of its customers. The organization has utilized expediters, work force to facilitate moving of the burrito and coordination of the request by getting some R&R to the client. Some portion of the staff, linebackers, watches the ledges to guarantee consistent assistance arrangement to the clients. The â€Å"Mise en place† arrangement guarantees zero resistance to literally nothing set up for the client during top hours. At Chipotle, the â€Å"Aces in their places† approach is viable and utilitarian. The approach guarantees that lone top serves work during top hours (Ferdman 1). Basically, at Chipotle, a burrito can be arranged and prepared to serve in under 2 minutes (mikem301s12 1). Chipotle sees consumers’ wellbeing as a crucial factor and part of its administration conveyance contemplations. Its quick nourishments are wellbeing cognizant and comply with set measures set principle administrative organizations and bodies. Chipotle will maintain ordinary investigation of its quick nourishments to guarantee consistence with required degrees of significant worth and accreditation norms. Moreover, the staff at Chipotle are able to offer the types of assistance required by various buyers of inexpensive food and voyagers at the air terminal (Bhasin 1). Bhasin, Kim. How Chipotles Assembly Line Makes Your Burrito So Ridiculously Fast. Business Insider. April 23, 2012. Web. Web. April 19, 2015. http://www.businessinsider.com/how-chipotles-administration line-is-so-quick 2012-4 Ferdman, Roberto. How Chipotle is going to serve burritos quicker, and quicker, and quicker. Quatz. February 1, 2014. Web. April 19, 2015.

Why Publish a Writers Diary

Why Publish a Writers Diary George Orwell doesnt REALLY need an introduction. If all you know about him is that he wrote some really amazing books, like 1984  and Animal Farm, then youre fine. But if your interest carries you further than his greatest hits, if youre familiar with a few of his deep cuts (Keep the Aspidistra Flying, Homage to Catalonia), then youll probably be interested in reading the new Diaries. Besides traveling the world from India to Spain, besides working and living with the poorest of the poor, and besides taking a fascist bullet in the neck during the Spanish Civil War, Orwell was also an avid  gardener. But whenever the diaries of famous people are published, you have to wonder what their purpose is. There will always be super-fans of any artist, those who are never sated and always want MORE of the person behind the work. And of course, if done well, they can be very entertaining. But what does the biography of a writer who lived a boring life add to the discussion of their books? I think the case can be made that Orwells life and writing were so entangled that they both can only be fully appreciated as two parts of a larger whole. But would reading a biography of, say, Cormac McCarthy, really add all that much to reaching a more profound understanding of his work? It seems like a distinction, however artificial, can be made here between writers who turn inwards and writers who face outward, those who mine the dark pits of their own psyche, and those who trim material from the overgrowth of an external reality. Now, I know that haters might say Hey, everyone is affected by the world around them! or Hey, even people who write about the world around them are expressing profoundly personal things! And you would be right. But I think the whole purpose of creating this distinction between inward- and outward-looking writers is to be able to better judge who would have the best biographies and diaries. I think that Jonathan Franzen is a more consistent writer than William Vollmann, but never would I ever want to read Franzens diary. Vollmann has spent time hanging out with prostitutes and the poor, fighting with the Mujahideen in Afghanistan, exploring the Fukushima disaster, and trekking across the Arctic Circle. Yes, I would much rather read his diary. The cliché that has become a truism is that good writers can make anything interesting. But what isnt ever really talked about his how good readers will see through the bull crap everytime. William Burroughs, junky priest of the Beats and Punks, is by most standards a worse writer than Thomas Pynchon. But Pynchon is a recluse who hasnt left his house pretty much since he graduated from Cornell. Maybe he writes better, has more eloquent ideasbut unless his diary takes the form of daily literary essays, Id much rather read his concepts embodied in the language of his novels. Burroughs, on the other hand, lived an interesting enough to live to lead me to his diaries independent of his fiction writing. All this is to say that I think we should celebrate the publication of Orwells diaries. The publication of personal texts by other authors might smack of cheap opportunism, purely a money-making ploy. But I think publishers got it right with Orwell, just like I think they got it right with Burroughs and would do well to publish a diary (or even biography, PLEASE SOMEONE) of Vollmanns. Authors like these have works and lives that reflect each other, like two opposing mirrors, showing us a strange and comforting illusion of infinite complexity. Sign up to Today In Books to receive  daily news and miscellany from the world of books.

The Voice of a Parent in College Essays

The Voice of a Parent in College Essays July 3 Its easy to discern a parents voice in college admissions essays. Its quite easy to discern if a parent wrote or strongly contributed to writing a college admissions essay. Mommy and daddy, dont think youre fooling an admissions officer at a highly selective college for a second with the admissions essay you worked on from your desk at the office. Because you most certainly arent. College admissions officers at highly selective colleges read tons of college essays. They can certainly tell if the voice in a college essay doesnt sound genuine, if it doesnt sound like a teenagers. Often times, parents dont even realize that their own lingo is infusing an admissions essay that they wroteor contributed strongly to writing. Maybe its a phrase from their line of work that no student would ever use but the parent hears this phrase so often that its a part of his or her vernacular. This is a dead giveaway in a college essay. Or maybe its a reflection that no seventeen year-old would simply ever make. We can tell a parents writing very easily. We can discern the voice of a parent in written  communications with students. We can typically discern the voice of a parent within seconds of beginning a college essay. They just dont sound like kids wrote them. Even if they wrote #YOLO or #TBT for Throwback Thursday. But dont include any such ridiculous acronyms in your college essays, students either. That would be bad. Yikes. Have a question about college admissions essays? Let us know your questions by posting a Comment below. We look forward to hearing from you.

Explore Neptune’s Frigid Moon Triton

When the Voyager 2 spacecraft swept past the planet Neptune in 1989, no one was quite sure what to expect of its largest moon, Triton. Seen from Earth, its just a tiny point of light visible through a strong telescope. However, up-close, it showed off a water-ice surface split by geysers that shoot nitrogen gas up into the thin, frigid atmosphere. It not only was weird, the icy surface sported terrains never before seen. Thanks to Voyager 2 and its mission of exploration, Triton showed us just how strange a distant world can be. Triton: The Geologically Active Moon There arent too many active moons in the solar system. Enceladus at Saturn is one (and has been studied extensively by the Cassini mission), as is Jupiters tiny volcanic moon Io. Each of these has a form of volcanism; Enceladus has ice geysers and volcanoes while Io spouts out molten sulfur. Triton, not to be left out, is geologically active, too. Its activity is cryovolcanism — producing the kind of volcanoes that spew ice crystals instead of molten lava rock. Tritons cryovolcanoes spew material out from beneath the surface, which implies some heating from within this moon. Tritons geysers are located close to whats called the subsolar point, the region of the moon directly receiving the most sunlight. Given that its very cold out at Neptune, sunlight isnt nearly as strong as it is at Earth, so something in the ices is very sensitive to sunlight, and that weakens the surface. Pressure from material below pushes out cracks and vents in the thin shell of ice that covers Triton. That lets the nitrogen gas and plumes of dust blast out and into the atmosphere. These geysers can erupt for fairly long periods of time — up to a year in some cases. Their eruption plumes lay down streaks of dark material across the pale pinkish ice. Creating a Cantaloupe Terrain World The ice depots on Triton are mainly water, with patches of frozen nitrogen and methane. At least, thats what the southern half of this moon shows. Thats all Voyager 2 could image as it went by; the northern part was in shadow. Nonetheless, planetary scientists suspect that the northern pole looks similar to the southern region. Icy lava has been deposited across the landscape, forming pits, plains, and ridges. The surface also has some of the weirdest landforms ever seen in the form of cantaloupe terrain. Its called that because the fissures and ridges look like the skin of a cantaloupe. Its probably the oldest of Tritons icy surface units and is made up of dusty water ice. The region probably formed when material under the icy crust rose up and then sank back down again, which unsettled the surface. Its also possible that ice floods could have caused this weird crusty surface. Without followup images, its hard to get a good feel for possible causes of the cantaloupe terrain. How Did Astronomers Find Triton? Triton is not a recent  discovery in the annals of solar system exploration. It was actually found in 1846 by astronomer William Lassell. He was studying Neptune just after its discovery, looking for any possible moons in orbit around this distant planet. Because Neptune is named after the Roman god of the sea (who was the Greek Poseidon), it seemed appropriate to name its moon after another Greek sea god whose was fathered by Poseidon. It didnt take long for astronomers to figure out that Triton was weird in at least one way: its orbit. It circles Neptune in retrograde — that is, opposite to Neptunes rotation. For that reason, its very likely that Triton didnt form when Neptune did. In fact, it probably had nothing to do with Neptune but was captured by the planets strong gravity as it passed by. No one is quite sure where Triton originally formed, but its quite likely it was born as part of the Kuiper Belt of icy objects. It stretches outwards from the orbit of Neptune. The Kuiper Belt is also the home of frigid Pluto, as well as a selection of dwarf planets. Tritons fate is not to orbit Neptune forever. In a few billion years, it will wander too close to Neptune, within a region called the Roche limit. Thats the distance where a moon will start to break up due to gravitational influence. Exploration After Voyager 2 No other spacecraft has studied Neptune and Triton up close. However, after the Voyager 2 mission, planetary scientists have used Earth-based telescopes to measure Tritons atmosphere by watching as distant stars slipped behind it. Their light could then be studied for telltale signs of gases in Tritons thin blanket of air. Planetary scientists would like to explore Neptune and Triton further, but no missions have been selected to do so, yet. So, this pair of distant worlds will remain unexplored for the time being, until someone comes up with a lander that could settle down among the cantaloupe hills of Triton and send back more information.

Body Language Cultural or Universal Essay - 1714 Words

Body language and various other nonverbal cues have long been recognized as being of great importance to the facilitation of communication. There has been a long running debate as to whether body language signals and their meanings are culturally determined or whether such cues are innate and thus universal. The nature versus nurture dichotomy inherent in this debate is false; one does not preclude the other’s influence. Rather researchers should seek to address the question how much of nonverbal communication is innate and how much is culturally defined? Are there any true universal nonverbal cues or just universal tendencies modified to suit cultural ideals and constraints? It is my proposal that of all forms of nonverbal†¦show more content†¦The Japanese subjects were able to identify the emotions of the English and Italians better than those groups had been able to judge the Japanese. However the Japanese subjects had difficulty determining Japanese facial express ions. This would seem to indicate that the Japanese face does not express emotion in the same manner as those of other cultures. However, another experiment (3) demonstrated different results. American and Japanese subjects were observed while watching films designed to evoke fear and disgust. During part of this observation the subjects were videotaped while watching the film alone. It was presumed that during this time no social rules would restrict the subject’s display of emotion. When alone, no difference existed between the American and the Japanese subjects in the display of emotion. While watching the film with the researcher present the Japanese were more likely than the Americans to hide negative emotions with a smile. Observation of children who were born deaf and blind show that they make the same emotional expressions (3). There is no way that these children could have learned this behavior through sensory input. Similarly, a study involving sighted babies less than six months of age has shown that they react with fear to negative faces (7). These infants were too young to have learned which faces had negative connotations. This would have to be an innate response. Different cultures define when andShow MoreRelatedHow Does Our Language Shape The Way We Think?1027 Words   |  5 PagesDoes Our Language Shape the Way We Think?† states that people think differently when using different language and Wasserstrom’s â€Å"A Mickey Mouse Approach to Globalization† illustrates that things have different meaning in different culture, while Lahiri’s â€Å"the Namesake† includes both points. In sum, Boroditsky, Wasserstrom, and Lahiri talk about the effects that languages and cultural circumstances have on people’s way of thinking and acting. That is, in different languages and cultural circumstancesRead MorePiagets Theory Of Natural Selection1381 Words   |  6 Pagesthe progression of development is not clear. 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He reasoned that behind the surface of individual cultures there must exist natural properties common to us all: innate structures universal to all man. Levi-Strauss focused his attention on the patterns or structures existingRead MoreUniversal Nonverbal Intelligence Test By Lauren Scanlan Essay1210 Words   |  5 PagesUniversal Nonverbal Intelligence Test Purpose: Designed to measure general intelligence and cognitive abilities. Population: Ages 5-0 to 17-11. Publication Date: 1998 Acronym: UNIT. Score: FSIQ. Administration: Individual. Price Data, (DATE): Time: (10 – 45) minutes. Authors: Bruce A. Bracken and R. Steve McCallum Publisher: Riverside Publishing Review of the Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test by LAUREN SCANLAN, School Psychology Graduate Student, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, Lincoln, NE:Read MoreOur Partnership With The Society Of New Americans1280 Words   |  6 Pagespartnership with The Society of New Americans. This relationship will help us fortify our mission to broaden access to education by donating bicycles to students who need them. Fittingly, SNA’s mission to increase access to education within the different cultural communities it serves goes hand in hand with our own. All around us is evidence that globalization has resulted in people from different cultures and backgrounds interacting more closely with one another (Author last name, first initial. (PublicationRead MoreVerbal and Nonverbal Interpersonal Communication869 Words   |  4 PagesVerbal and non-verbal Interpersonal communication Interpersonal communication is the form of communication that exists between two people; it is a universal kind of communication. It includes the daily exchange that may be formal in nature or informal. Interpersonal communication is manifest in verbal or non-verbal form. The non-verbal can assume the form of expression, gestures and postures (MBA Knowledge base, 2011). 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Everyone expresses their views, feelings opinions differently from other people. 2.Identify and explain three barriers to effective communication. (3 marks) The 3 barries to effective communication are verbal, language, and body language. Verbal are important in our life. We rely on them to talk and interact with peers and families but verbal communication

The Marketing Plan Of San Juan Islands - 2113 Words

2. INTRODUCTION San Juan Islands, an archipelago part of the US’ state of Washington, have been well-known since the early 20th century for its scenic nature and abundant wild life. Their landscapes have transformed a rural county into a popular tourist destination and have continuously been invented and commodified for tourism. In 2014, tourist expenditure reached almost US$200mn, generating jobs and services in the whole county. Previously to the establishment of the current DMO in 1999, San Juan Islands Visitor Bureau (SJIVB), there were a scarcity of resources devoted to tourism and a passive approach in promoting the Islands. Under the management of the DMO, the county has risen to become America’s favourite place for retirement. The purpose of this report is to evaluate the 2016 destination marketing and budget plan of San Juan Islands, drawing on Middleton et al. (2009)’s marketing planning process. This report will also give recommendations regarding the marketing resear ch and sustainable tourism management. 3. 2016 DESTINATION MARKETING AND BUDGET PLAN OF SAN JUAN ISLANDS This section will be dedicated to the evaluation of the 2016’s destination marketing plan of San Juan Islands that sets out goals and concrete strategies at operational level for a short-term period. The evaluation will draw on Middleton et al.’s (2009, p.207) eight logical steps of the marketing planning process and other relevant literature. 3.1 Diagnosis Middleton et. al (2009) argue that theShow MoreRelatedMarketing Research And Sustainable Management Practice2285 Words   |  10 Pagesas tourism, marketing research, an integral part of marketing planning process, plays a crucial role in shaping a framework that guides Destination Management Organisations’ (DMOs) decisions, be it public or private. At operational level, market intelligence would help DMOs gain market insights, bridge the gap between tourism products and visitors and potentially explore new markets. Without market data, goal and objectives would be unrealistic thus resulting in inefficient marketing programmes.Read MoreJetblue Airways Corporation ( Jetblue ) Essay789 Words   |  4 Pagesrevenue passenger miles. According to the JetBlue website (2014) in 1999, David Neeleman announced his plans to launch a new airline, â€Å"New Air.† By the end of 2000 JetBlue had reported $100 million in revenue and by 2001 it posted a profit (JetBlue.com, 2014). Headquartered in Long Island City, New York, JetBlue is one of the leading carriers in Boston, Fort Lauderdale, Los Angeles, Orlando, and San Juan (JetBlue.com, 2014). 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Five monthsRead MoreCalabarzon Case Study2739 Words   |  11 Pagesto attain these goals at national level, but may not be applicable to CALABAR, which is expected to develop more rapidly than the national average. (2) Government Development Objectives for Region IV The Medium - Term Southern Tagalog Development Plan, 1987 -92 was prepared by the National Economic and Development Agency (NEDA) region IV office, following the NEDA central offices guidelines. The latter clarify the socio - economic goals to be pursued by any region, generally in line with the nationalRead MorePepsi Cola Philippines Feasibility Study5554 Words   |  23 PagesTrucking Business Plan Project/Business Introduction Pepsi Cola Products Philippines, Inc. Company Overview We are the BEVERAGE COMPANY OF CHOICE - preferred by customers, trade partners, investors amp; employees of the Philippines. As such, we continuously delight them by offering quality beverages at best value, for every drinking occasion. We are a happy team in our workplace as we build a sustainable and profitable business, providing healthy financial rewards to our shareholders, and opportunitiesRead MoreBlood Bananas10217 Words   |  41 Pagesand Mary Teagarden, with the assistance of Monika Stoeffl, for the purpose of classroom discussion only, and not to indicate either effective or ineffective management. This document is authorized for use only in Estrategia 2013-I Preg. Montes by Juan Carlos Montes at UNIVERSITY DE LOS ANDES COLUMBIA from January 2013 to May 2013. Chiquita’s lead defense attorney, Eric Holder Jr., snapped back, accusing Malis of shading the facts, of â€Å"being a little too cute and a little too crafty,† as well asRead MoreHard Rock Cafe Case Study5960 Words   |  24 Pagesin the heart of London has blossomed into a way of life. Hard Rock began its global expansion in 1982, when Tigrett and Morton agreed to develop their own Hard Rock Cafes in various parts of the globe. Morton opened Hard Rock Cafes in Los Angeles, San Francisco, Chicago and Houston. Tigrett opened in New York, Dallas, Boston, Washington, D.C., Orlando, Paris and Berlin, eventually selling his interest to Mecca Leisure. In 1990, The Rank Group, Plc. a London-based leisure company, acquired Mecca andRead MoreHard Rock Cafe Case Study5950 Words   |  24 Pagesin the heart of London has blossomed into a way of life. Hard Rock began its global expansion in 1982, when Tigrett and Morton agreed to develop their own Hard Rock Cafes in various parts of the globe. Morton opened Hard Rock Cafes in Los Angeles, San Francisco, Chicago and Houston. Tigrett opened in New York, Dallas, Boston, Washington, D.C., Orlando, Paris and Berlin, eventually selling his interest to Mecca Leisure. In 1990, The Rank Group, Plc. a London-based leisure company, acquired Mecca and

Agglomeration Of New Caledonia - 718 Words

Political debates usually focus on mobilising the other side to commit to a preferred course of action, thereby not only ignoring an apparent opposition in ideological viewpoints, but also the fact that sharing a common official language and common institutions does not necessarily entail a consensus on the issue at hand. As a sui generis collectivity in the Pacific, New Caledonia is currently involved in a decisive debate on self-determination with one of the most powerful former colonising nations in Europe. The negotiation process between New Caledonia and France pertaining to the full or partial independence of the island agglomeration remains ongoing. A referendum will be organised to decide upon a final outcome in the second half†¦show more content†¦106). The present study aims to partially redress this imbalance. Instead of privileging literary texts or explicitly political discourse, uttered at the higher levels of society, grassroots level discourse will be given all the attention it deserves as the result of political interaction and the emphasis will be on language as it is used by all of the interactants in the context of the New Caledonian independence debate. The project aims to explore the relations between discourse, power and social interaction. Consequently, the audience of the political speeches, radio interviews or public letters, the recipients, equally deserve consideration, especially as a group that not only reacts to the discourse, but, at the same time, critically evaluates the argumentation and then responds to it. All of the groups involved make attempts at convincing the other groups of the validity of their propositions. Other analytical approaches to discourse that focus on the social aspects of dialoguing equally understand discourse to be a form of social interaction (van Dijk, 1985; Boden Zimmennan, 1991). Since it is mainly through the exchange of discursive acts that a final consensus is reached, the focus of the study is on the social practice of deliberation or argumentation, rather than the social actors themselves.

Anthropology 101 Research Paper Free Essays

Komron Sabbagh Prof. Rowe Anthropology 101 March 25, 2013 Elderly Human â€Å"Y† Chromosome The unearthing and examination of a tremendously infrequent African American â€Å"Y† chromosome goes back in time with regards to the most recent common ancestor for the â€Å"Y† chromosome ancestry to 338,000 years ago. This period exists even older than the age of the most eldest known structurally contemporary human fossils. We will write a custom essay sample on Anthropology 101 Research Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now University of Arizona geneticists have revealed the most ancient known hereditary subdivision of the human â€Å"Y† chromosome — the genetic factor which determines the male sex. The new differing pedigree, which was discovered in a male human being who presented his DNA to â€Å"Family Tree DNA†, a company which concentrates on DNA investigation to locate family roots, separated from the â€Å"Y† chromosome tree before the very first presence of physically current individuals in the record of fossils. These effects are printed in the American Journal of Human Genetics. Michael Hammer of the University of Arizona’s department of ecology and evolutionary biology stated that, â€Å"Our analysis indicates this lineage diverged from previously known Y chromosomes about 338,000 ago, a time when anatomically modern humans had not yet evolved. This pushes back the time the last common Y chromosome ancestor lived by almost 70 percent. † Dissimilar to the added human chromosomes, the common â€Å"Y† chromosome doesn’t barter heritable information with other chromosomes; this makes it a lot more straightforward and scientists can truly discover familial associations amid modern ancestries. If two â€Å"Y† chromosomes transmit an identical mutation, it is most likely since they divide a communal forefather at some particular period in the precedent. The further mutations which differ amongst two Y chromosomes, the farther back in history the mutual antecedent existed. Initially, a DNA sample acquired from an African American existing in South Carolina was succumbed to the National Geographic Genographic Project. When none of the hereditary indicators used to dispense ancestries to identified â€Å"Y† chromosome consortiums were found, the DNA sample was guided to â€Å"Family Tree DNA† for organizing. Fernando Mendez, who is a postdoctoral scholar in Hammer’s laboratory, controlled the attempt to investigate the DNA sequence, which comprised of over 240,000 base pairs of the Y chromosome. Hammer claimed that â€Å"the most striking feature of this research is that a consumer genetic testing company identified a lineage that didn’t fit anywhere on the existing Y chromosome tree, even though the tree had been constructed based on perhaps a half-million individuals or more. Nobody expected to find anything like this. At around 300,000 years ago; this was the period of time in which the Neanderthals are thought to have fragmented from the familial human descent. It was not until more than 100,000 years in the future that functionally recent humans seem to be in the fossil record. They vary from the more antiquated forms by a more frivolously constructed skeleton; this includes a lesser face pushed underneath a tall forehead, the lack of a cranial ridge and slighter chin s. Hammer stated that the recently exposed â€Å"Y† chromosome dissimilarity is tremendously occasional. Through the use of great databank explorations, his group ultimately was capable of discovering a comparable chromosome in the Mbo, which is a populace living in a petite region of western Cameroon in the sub-Saharan part of Africa. â€Å"This was surprising because previously the most diverged branches of the Y chromosome were found in traditional hunter-gatherer populations such as Pygmies and the click-speaking KhoeSan, who are considered to be the most diverged human populations living today. Instead, the sample matched the Y chromosome DNA of 11 men, who all came from a very small region of western Cameroon,† Hammer explains. â€Å"And the sequences of those individuals are variable, so it’s not like they all descended from the same grandfather. † Hammer restraints against prevalent notions of â€Å"mitochondrial Eve† or â€Å"Y chromosome Adam† which propose that all of humanity was derived from precisely one couple of individuals that lived at a particular point in human biological evolution. There has been too much emphasis on this in the past,† Hammer says. â€Å"It is a misconception that the genealogy of a single genetic region reflects population divergence. Instead, our results suggest that there are pockets of genetically isolated communities that together preserve a great deal of human diversity. † Nevertheless, Hammer explains that, â€Å"It is likely that other divergent lineages will be found, whether in Africa or among African-Americans in the U. S. and that some of these may further increase the age of the Y chromosome ree. † He further clarifies: â€Å"There has been a lot of hype with people trying to trace their Y chromosome to different tribes, but this individual from South Carolina can say he did it. † The investigation originated by the mutual labors of a private business, the â€Å"Family Tree DNA,† the struggles of a resident scientist, Bonnie Schrack, and the research proficiencies at the UA. â€Å"Human Y Chromosome Much Older Than Previously Thought. † ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 04 Mar. 2013. Web. 26 Mar. 2013. How to cite Anthropology 101 Research Paper, Essays

Strategic Audit Financial Position or Performance

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Audit for Financial Position or Performance . Answer: Introduction This assignment of strategic audit aims to analyze the strategic audit system at Microsoft Corporation. During this particular assignment, the analysis has been done in order to identify the Brexit effect on the financial performance of Microsoft Corporation. The assignment has mainly two parts. In the first part, the analysis and evaluation have been made on the measurement and the control system at Microsoft and the second part analyzes and evaluates the change initiatives taken by the same organization. At the end of the assignment, there is a conclusion that states the gist of the overall findings in the study. Organizations measurement and control system Microsoft Corporation is one of the largest companies in the global electronic industry. Bill Gates and Paul Allen founded this giant company in the year of 1975 (Microsoft Official Home Page. 2016). Currently the company is operating its business at an international level. However, the recent incident of British exit from European Union, which is known as Brexit has affected financial performance of Microsoft Corporation (Microsoft Warns U.K. About Potential Risks for Brexit. 2016). The effect of Brexit on Microsofts financial performance can be clearly identified by analyzing the financial measurement and control system of the organization. This analysis has been stated below: Current financial position of Microsoft: In order to identify the Brexit effect on the measurement and control system of Microsoft Corporation, it is very important to analyze the current financial position of the organization. As per the 2015s annual report of Microsoft Corporation, the total revenue of the company has been increased by 7.77% from 2014. The net margin of the company was 13.03%, which has been decreased from 2014. In 2014, the net margin of the company was 25.42%. The income statement of company in 2015 has also stated that the Earnings per Share or EPS of the company was $1.49 per share, which was $2.66 per share in 2014 (FY16 Q2 - Metrics - Investor Relations - Microsoft. 2016). As per the 10-K form in the annual report of Microsoft Corporation, the annualized run rate of the company at the end of 2015 was $8 billion. At the same time, the 10-K form also disclosed that the company has increased the revenue percentage in server services and server products by 9% and the company has continued to add 50000 medium and small size business organizations in each year (FY16 Q2 - Metrics - Investor Relations - Microsoft. 2016). However, currently, the higher management of Microsoft Corporation has expressed their concern regarding the Brexit effect on the financial position of the company. Microsoft has the plan to employee more 5000 employees in Britain in order to provide the data access facility to the remote areas in European Union region. This decision of Britain to exit European Union has put Microsoft Corporation in a risky situation. The company believes that if it does further investment in this project, then that may be unsuccessful. Due to this, the investors of Microsoft Corporation have stopped to invest on the new project of the company to expand its business at the remote areas in European Union region. This has ultimately negatively affected the future plans and budget of the company and at the same time it has increased the risk of the company. Therefore, on overall basis it can be said that in 2015 the financial performance of the company has decreased though it was much stable. However, d ue to the current Brexit, the financial position is at risk to some extent. Comparison between the financial performance of Microsoft with competitors and standards: The financial performance of the company that is Microsoft Corporation can be better analyzed if the performance is measured with the financial performance of the competitors and with the financial standards. At current scenario, Yahoo is one of the major competitors for Microsoft Corporation. However, if the financial performance of these two organizations is compared then it can be identified that the current market capitalization of Microsoft is 402.22 billion dollar, whereas the current market capitalization of Yahoo is 36.36 billion dollar. On the other side, the EPS of Microsoft is $1.49 per share and EPS of Yahoo is -$4.75 (FY16 Q2 - Metrics - Investor Relations - Microsoft. 2016). These data indicate that in comparison between the financial performance of Microsoft and Yahoo, the performance of Microsoft is better than Yahoo. However, there is another major competitor of Microsoft Corporation and that is Apple. As per the current data, the market capitalization of the company is 523.64 billion dollar and the EPS is $8.98 per share. This means, the current performance of Apple is better than Microsoft. However, if the beta of these two companies is compared then it can be identified that the risk at Apple is more than Microsoft Corporation (FY16 Q2 - Metrics - Investor Relations - Microsoft. 2016). On the other side, as per the auditors report in 2015s annual report, Microsoft has presented the financial statements fairly. At the same time, the auditors report has also mentioned that all the financial statements of the company has been prepared as per the accounting principles and standards stated by US GAAP and Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). However, the company is yet to follow the new standards stated by Financial Accounting Standards Board or FASB, International Financial Reporting Standards or IFRS and US GAAP regarding revenue recognition. The company will make these standards effective from 1st July 2017. Analyzing the financial position by using the financial analysis tools The financial position of Microsoft Corporation can be analyzed in a better manner by using the ratios as the tool of analysis. The financial ratios of the company for last two years are shown below: Financial Ratios 2014 2015 Net margin 25.42121 13.02949 Current ratio 2.504022 2.501344 Quick ratio 2.445721 2.443139 Debt to Equity ratio 0.919986 1.200504 Return on equity 0.245857 0.152255 Table 1: Financial Ratios of Microsoft Corporation on 2014 and 2015 (Source: FY16 Q2 - Metrics - Investor Relations Microsoft, 2016) The above-stated financial ratios of Microsoft Corporation are clearly disclosing that the liquidity position of the company has not been changed that much in 2015 than that of 2014. However, the debt-to-equity ratios are stating that the amount of debt capital has been increased in 2015. The main concern of the company can be noticed in the returns. The net margin as well as return on equity of the Microsoft has decreased in 2015 than that of 2014. Therefore, from the ratio analysis, it can be said that the control system of Microsoft Corporation must be improved in order to improve the financial performance. Moreover, after the Brexit, the risk of the company has already increased as the new plan of Microsoft has been hampered. Hence, new and improved strategies are required to change the financial performance to the positive trend. (Refers to appendix) Key Performance Indicators KPIs of Microsoft Corporation The KPIs of Microsoft Corporation are Return of cash to the shareholders, Revenue, Operating income or loss, Diluted earnings per share and Revenue Vs. Operating income. If the KPIs of the company for 2015 and first two quarters of 2016 are analyzed, then it can be identified three elements are there under the return of cash to the shareholders and those are Dividend per share, total dividend and share buyback. Among these three, the first one has increased from last quarter of 2015 to the first quarter of 2016 and it was static in first and second quarters, 2016. However, the amount of total dividend has decreased. This indicates that though the per share cash to shareholders increased, the total earnings of the shareholders has decreased in 2016 (Microsoft Official Home Page. 2016). On the other hand, the revenue earning capacity of the company was bit fluctuating since second quarter of 2015. However, in the 2nd quarter 2016, the revenue of the company increased $3 billion from 1st quarter of 2016. In case of the operating income, the performance of the company was very poor in the 4th quarter of 2015, which has been recovered in the first two quarters of 2016. The same thing happened in case of the diluted earnings per share. However, the revenue vs. operating income ratio Therefore, the analysis of the KPIs of Microsoft Corporation is clearly indicating that before the Brexit incident, the company started to recover its low financial performance in the first two quarter of 2016. However, the sudden fall in the revenue vs. operating income ratio indicates that the risk aroused due to Brexit has affected the income of the company. This means the financial control system of the company needs to be improved in order to reduce the negative Brexit effect on the fin ancial performance of Brexit. Analysis of organizations improvement or change initiatives Previous and current success of improvement initiatives At current business world, Microsoft Corporation is a giant company that has business coverage in most of the parts of this glob. However, in last five years time span, the performance of Microsoft Corporation was bit fluctuating. Due to this, the higher management of the company has taken some initiatives in order to improve the present situation of the company. The management of the company focuses on the technological improvements in the business operations. The company is currently trying to bring some environment friendly technologies, which are also very effective for the effective use of resources (Learn to Develop with Microsoft Developer Network | MSDN. 2016). The company is trying to bring the technological change or improvements by applying the Lean manufacturing and Total Quality Management or TQM techniques. The company has already declared that they are carefully addressing the carbon footprint, so that no environmental damage takes place from their side. Lean manufacturing techniques helped the company to control their energy usage. At the same time, the company is also focusing more on using wind, hydropower and solar in order to generate the electricity. As per the Chief Legal Officer of Microsoft, the company is currently using 44% renewable energy, which has improved from 35% in the beginning of 2015 and it has an aim to make it 50% in 2018 (Microsoft Environmental Sustainability | Protect Natural Resources. 2016). The Lean manufacturing techniques has helped the company in reducing the cost level of the company. The company has already implemented the lean pull with the help of Kanban requirements. The lean manufacturing techniques can be noticed in Microsoft Dynamics AX 2012. It has helped the company in remodeling the logistic process so that a consistent production flow can be maintained (Presentation Software | Online Presentation Tools | Prezi. 2016). Alignment of improvement initiatives and integration into the strategic management Microsoft Corporation has aligned the improvement initiative with the strategic management by introducing the modification in Human Resource department. The introduction of lean manufacturing technology and use of renewable energy have been done by the company through the training process implemented by Microsoft for its employees. At the same time, introduction of new technologies also required knowledgeable and skilled human resource, which again required the performance management. The company has taken such performance management strategies those can be linked with the corporate strategy (Learn to Develop with Microsoft Developer Network | MSDN. 2016). On the other side, the implementation of TQM has been done by taking the progressive leadership approach that is focused on strategic planning and modernization of the companys portfolio. Along with these, the cloud-first and the mobile-first corporate strategies have helped the company to meet the ever-changing needs of the customers. As changing the organizational culture is the most difficult change at Microsoft, the company has made that by taking improved strategy for performance management. Due to these types of change, the company has gained high productivity with low cost, skilled human resource team, gained competitive advantage and gained employee as well as customer satisfaction. Comparison of improvement initiatives of Microsoft with the other organizations In the comparison between the improvement initiatives of Microsoft Corporation and the other competitors or organizations, it can be said there is not that much differences. The major competitors of Microsoft Corporation are Yahoo, Apple and Google. If the improvement initiatives of Yahoo and Apple are noticed, then it can be easily identified that both the company emphasized on the environment matter like Microsoft. Apple has already started the TQM in its production system. The improved technology of Apple has helped the company to reduce its resource usage. On the other side, Yahoo has brought the improvement by changing the organizational culture. Before 2012, the company was facing some problems in its internet services due to which it was loosing its market position. However, in order to improve the performance, the company improved its human resource by taking strategic human resource management initiatives. Microsoft does not take these types of initiative. At the same time, Google has focused on the improvements of its services (Presentation Software | Online Presentation Tools | Prezi. 2016). Therefore, in the comparison, it can be identified that the improvement initiatives taken by Microsoft Corporation and the other competitors or organizations have a little difference. These differences are there because of the different problem areas within the organization. However, in overall basis, it can be understood that the improvements have been made within these organizations in order to improve the financial performances. Conclusion This above discussion in the assignment has identified that currently, the financial position or performance of Microsoft Corporation is at risk due to the Brexit effect. In the last year, the financial performance of the company was bit down than that of 2014. However, the liquidity position of the company was static. However, the Key Performance Indicators or KPIs of the company have disclosed that the company that is Microsoft Corporation has improved its financial performance a little bit in the first two quarters of 2016. The dividend per share of the company has increased in these two quarters. However, at the same time, the total dividend paid by the company to the shareholders has decreased. This indicates that the number of share of the company has been decreased in the first and second quarter in 2016. The financial performance of the company has also been analyzed with the help of financial ratios. The financial ratios of Microsoft Corporation have indicated that the return or the income that the company has generated in the financial year 2015 was lower than that of 2014. However, on the overall basis, the analysis has identified that the current financial position of the company needs more control and advanced strategies. On the other side, the improvements that the company has made in past were mainly focused on the technological improvements. However, currently, the company is also focusing on the environmental issues. Due to this, the company is using the renewable energy like, solar or wind energy. At the same time, the company is also concerned about controlling the carbon footprint. The improvement initiatives are bit different from the initiatives taken by the other organizations. Reference List FY16 Q2 - Metrics - Investor Relations - Microsoft. (2016). Microsoft.com. Retrieved 1 July 2016, from https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/Investor/earnings/FY-2016-Q2/kpi Learn to Develop with Microsoft Developer Network | MSDN. (2016). Msdn.microsoft.com. Retrieved 1 July 2016, from https://msdn.microsoft.com Microsoft Official Home Page. (2016). Microsoft.com. Retrieved 1 July 2016, from https://www.microsoft.com Microsoft Environmental Sustainability | Protect Natural Resources. (2016). Microsoft.com. Retrieved 1 July 2016, from https://www.microsoft.com/about/csr/environmental-sustainability/ Microsoft Warns U.K. About Potential Risks for Brexit. (2016). Fortune. Retrieved 1 July 2016, from https://fortune.com/2016/05/17/microsoft-brexit/ Presentation Software | Online Presentation Tools | Prezi. (2016). prezi.com. Retrieved 1 July 2016, from https://prezi.com Bibliography Blodgett, M. S., Hoitash, R., Markelevich, A. (2014). Sustaining the financial value of global CSR: Reconciling corporate and stakeholder interests in a less regulated environment.Business and Society Review,119(1), 95-124. Capon, N., Farley, J. U., Hoenig, S. (2012).Toward an integrative explanation of corporate financial performance. Springer Science Business Media. Chen, C. M., Delmas, M. A., Lieberman, M. B. (2015). Production frontier methodologies and efficiency as a performance measure in strategic management research.Strategic Management Journal,36(1), 19-36. Elgazzar, S. H., Tipi, N. S., Hubbard, N. J., Leach, D. Z. (2012). Linking supply chain processes performance to a companys financial strategic objectives.European Journal of Operational Research,223(1), 276-289. Hausman, A., Johnston, W. J. (2014). Timeline of a financial crisis: Introduction to the special issue.Journal of Business Research,67(1), 2667-2670. Johansson, J. K., Dimofte, C. V., Mazvancheryl, S. K. (2012). The performance of global brands in the 2008 financial crisis: A test of two brand value measures.International Journal of Research in Marketing,29(3), 235-245. Kramer, L. (2014). Microsoft finance the journey to digital transformation: as part of a multi-year transformation effort, Microsoft is streamlining and expanding the finance functions role to have greater impact on the company, its customers and its partners.Financial Executive,30(4), 18-24. Libai, B., Muller, E., Peres, R. (2013). Decomposing the value of word-of-mouth seeding programs: Acceleration versus expansion.Journal of marketing research,50(2), 161-176. Lu, W., Chau, K. W., Wang, H., Pan, W. (2014). A decade's debate on the nexus between corporate social and corporate financial performance: a critical review of empirical studies 20022011.Journal of Cleaner Production,79, 195-206. Sisodiya, S. R., Johnson, J. L., Grgoire, Y. (2013). Inbound open innovation for enhanced performance: Enablers and opportunities.Industrial Marketing Management,42(5), 836-849. Soudani, S. N. (2012). The usefulness of an accounting information system for effective organizational performance.International Journal of Economics and Finance,4(5), 136. Titman, S., Keown, A. J., Martin, J. D. (2015).Financial management: Principles and applications. Pearson.

An inquiry into ophelias madne Essay Example For Students

An inquiry into ophelias madne Essay The character Ophelia in William Shakespeares play Hamlet plays a very interesting and important role in the elaboration of the plot. In the beginning, she starts off in a healthy state of mind, in love with her boyfriend Hamlet, yet controlled by her father in regard to their relationship. During the play she encounters several troubling experiences involving Hamlet which cause her to become distressed. Near the end, the death of her father leaves Ophelia mentally unstable and in a state of madness that eventually leads her to death. So, due to all of the unfortunate events that took place with the people she loved the most in her life, Ophelia gradually becomes mad, and in the end passes away. Ophelias and Hamlets love for each other in the beginning was very real. Following the death of his father Hamlet falls in love with her, and is much attracted by her beauty. It is not uncertain, however, that Ophelia is very much controlled by her father. She is the daughter of Polonius, the chief advisor to the new King Claudius, and a highly respected man. Her father demands that she tell Hamlet at once that she can no longer be with him and tells her I would not, in plain terms, from this time forth have you so slander any moment leisure as to give words or talk with the Lord Hamlet. Look tot, I charge you. Come your ways. (I.iii.132-35). It is clear that here Polonius is making decisions for his daughter, regardless if she really loves Hamlet or not. She feels very unimportant and helpless now, and because of this develops a lack of emotional confidence and strength. All she can reply is I do not, my lord, what I should think. (I.iii.104). She is used to relying on her fathers direction and has been brought up to be very obedient. As well, her brother Laertes agrees with what their father is saying. He also tells Ophelia that Hamlet is no good for her Perhaps he loves you not (I.iii.16). He thinks that Hamlet only loves her because he wants to seduce her, and demands his sister to never see him again. Ophelia can only accept her father and brothers beliefs and writes Hamlet a letter which informs him that she can no longer see him. As a result, she begins to feel alone with very little independence. At this point in the play Ophelias emotions are what help contribute to her madness. There are a few other incidents in the play which help in the course of Ophelias madness. When Hamlet receives the letter from Ophelia he is affected terribly by her words. The next time she sees Hamlet she is surprised and even a bit frightened by his behavior. He did not look like he usually does, and he acted very strange towards her. He held her by the wrists and stared deeply into her face, long and hard, then storms out, leaving her intensely troubled and saddened. After that she tells her father, and he believes that Ophelias love is what made him mad. That hath made him mad (II. i.110). Polonius then goes to tell the King and Queen of Hamlets strange behavior and plans to spy on Hamlet to prove hes gone mad. Ophelia now is left feeling guilty. When she sees Hamlet later on she tries to speak with him, but is rejected coldly. He does not listen to her and screams harsh words leaving her feeling worthless and embarrassed. I loved you not. (III.i.119). Mustard Gas Is A Group Of Chemical Compounds Used In Chemical Warfare, Essay Get thee to a nunnery. (III.i.121) you jig, you amble, and you lisp, and nickname Gods creatures, and make you wantonnes your ignorance. Go to, Ill no more ont; (III.i. 146-48) This incident causes Ophelia to become slightly disturbed. She sits weeping while her father and the King practically step on her weak body to find out more reason for Hamlets actions. In this depressed state all she can say is O! woe is me, to have seen what I have seen, what I see! (III.i.163-64) So, because of Hamlets rudeness and rejection through this part of the play, Ophelia is driven even .

Weather Infrastructure Sample Essay

Weather Infrastructure Sample EssayThe weather infrastructure sample essay can be used for the composition of school projects, project proposals and essays. This essay has several steps that the writer must follow. The first step is to select a location and the second step is to prepare the document.There are many resources available on the Internet that can help the writer in this task. Some of these resources are practical in nature and can teach the writer to use the Internet as well as other resources available online. The following are some of the resources available on the Internet.These resources have been used by schools in preparing the paper or essay. These resources have been used in schools and colleges for many years.One of the best resources available on the Internet to make the weather infrastructure sample essay is the Weather Underground website. This website provides the writer with a step by step process that can be followed to develop the weather infrastructure do cument.The online guide is very useful for the student because it provides a complete paper or essay on the subject. Many of the resources can be downloaded by the students to improve their writing skills. This tool provides the writer with the basics of computer programming and excel sheet.Once the basic information has been provided, the writer has to work on the technical details of the article. The writer can use a guide and read through a few weather articles that he can find on the Internet. Once this step is completed, the writer can begin to make the changes in the text that he can incorporate.Writing the essay is an art that needs practice and research. If you decide to use the weather infrastructure sample essay you will find the process enjoyable and challenging.

What are the main features of British conservatism, and how have these features changed from one conservative leader to another Essay Example

What are the main features of British conservatism, and how have these features changed from one conservative leader to another? Essay Given that the Conservative Party is the oldest political establishment in Britain, a study of its history and evolution will reflect broader socio-economic changes. From the earliest days of parliamentary democracy in Britain to the current modern polity, the Conservative Party has withstood many upheavals and challenges. This essay attempts to identity the main features of British conservatism by way of studying its primary political representative that is the Conservative Party, the implication being that not all policies of the Conservative Party have been consistent with the theme of British conservatism and vice versa. Conservatives have never been known to support universal health care. The reluctance of the Conservative party to support an efficient and public funded healthcare system remains one of its major criticisms. Conservatism in Britain is also associated with staunch nationalism and the concept of â€Å"one-nation†. The Tory party’s attempts to rejuvenate its electoral prospects have taken the form of party brochures and propaganda literature. The â€Å"Renewing One Nation† campaign under the leadership of Stanley Kalms may not have persuaded the electorate, but it nevertheless brought to light the other recurrent theme of Conservative ideology in Britain– that of its links with Christian organizations. Even if official Conservative rhetoric makes mention of the virtues of separating State and Church, it is one of the open secrets in British polity that the Conservative Party patronizes Christian faith and at elections expects a return favour. This expla ins why the Tories have failed to win the trust of the growing numbers of religious and ethnic minorities in the country (Coxall Robins, 2003). We will write a custom essay sample on What are the main features of British conservatism, and how have these features changed from one conservative leader to another? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What are the main features of British conservatism, and how have these features changed from one conservative leader to another? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What are the main features of British conservatism, and how have these features changed from one conservative leader to another? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Yet, in spite of the apparent rigidity in Conservative ideology, the party has shown some flexibility at crucial junctures in the nation’s history. While the â€Å"one nation† policy and its attendant policies of social reform and limited economic planning were significant factors in the Tories’ consistent electoral success for most part of the twentieth century, the party’s policy framework had also shown signs of malleability: â€Å"When Winston Churchill lost power in 1945, he quickly called on people such as Rab Butler to devise an inclusive, socially reformist postwar policy agenda. The result was a drastically reduced Labour majority in 1950 and a Tory election victory in 1951. In the two subsequent elections, the Conservatives, led by men who believed in the party’s national responsibility and who abhorred the right-wing narrow-mindedness of some of the party’s activists, increased their share of the vote to margins that Margaret Thatcher would only be able to dream of.† (Porter, 1999) In assessing Britain’s performance in the decade of Conservative party rule in the 1950s, two prominent themes emerge as the backbone of British identity. The first is a symbolic one, that of the triumph over Nazi Germany in 1945. While Britain’s days of imperial glory had come to an end by then, it had other prospects to look forward to, namely the prosperity and standard of living of its people. During the 1950s and early 1960s, the British people saw a â€Å"sustained improvement in welfare provision, even after Labour gave way to the Conservatives in 1951. So, too, did the rising level of personal prosperity culminating in a `great leap forward’ into affluence at the end of the 1950s.† This is all the more commendable when seen in light of the fact that social welfare is not usually associated with British Conservatism. Indeed the Tory government in the 1950s had admirably â€Å"balanced the often conflicting priorities of `welfare’ and `g reatness’† (Porter, 1999). But some commentators are of the view that in the trade-off between ‘welfare’ and ‘greatness’, it was the former that had emerged the stronger. In other words, â€Å"if welfare, broadly defined, was prioritised, was it really such an undesirable outcome? Britain may have lost an empire but there are many who would ask whether this was a morally defensible or economically advantageous arrangement anyway† (Clarke, 2004). The 13 years of Conservative party rule from 1951 to 1964 are crucial to any assessment of the nation past the Second World War period. For Tory governments of this period, headed first by Winston Churchill and later by Eden, Macmillan and Home, the primary issue was to cope with the reduced stature of Britain in the new global order to go with the rising expectations of Britons at home â€Å"as people began to regard welfare as a right and affluence as a reasonable expectation. In this period `the art of the possible’, as pol itics was once described, required that constant attention be given to the delicate balance between external priorities (greatness) and internal priorities (welfare)† (Clarke, 2004). This brings us to the most controversial of Tory leaders in the person of Margaret Thatcher. While she carries the distinction of being the party’s longest serving Prime Minister, she also earned the party disrepute and growing unpopularity – something that confronts the party even today. Even two decades after retirement from politics and party leadership, Margaret Thatcher is still being blamed for the Conservatives’ hiatus from power since 1997. The party has never seen three consecutive defeats in parliamentary elections as it did since 1997. Ideally, such a debacle should have led to a revamp similar to the one conducted by Rab Butler after the Second World War. But Thatcher had not only altered the common pattern of Tory governments by pursuing a new right-wing policy framework, she had also distorted the nature and image of Conservative party leadership. To expound further, â€Å"for most of the 20th century, Conservative leaders were successful because, on the whole, they refused to place themselves at the mercy of their activists. Churchill, Eden and Macmillan were merely the most prominent leaders who felt uneasy with Tory activists, and instead saw their role as being to represent the aspirations and needs of the vast swathe of public opinion outside the party. This led to electoral success, and that, in turn, placated the activists. Thatcher was unusual in that she drew her inspiration from the deepest wells of Conservative activism. She carried the same, insular ideological baggage, and viewed the world through the same prism, as her constituency followers.† (Kampfner, 2003) As a result, the Tories’ activists found their ideal leader in Margaret Thatcher. Following Thatcher, her successors have not been able to pose any meaningful challenge to the right-wing’s stranglehold on policy. More worryingly, the exercise of choosing candidates for parliamentary seats, as a result of becoming an entirely local affair, â€Å"has led to a much more ideological brand of MP†. Hence, under the reign of Margaret Thatcher, the liberal elements in the party leadership had been overwhelmed by the ultra-conservative grass roots supporters (Kampfner, 2003). The cornerstone of Margaret Thatcher’s leadership was not its compassion towards British citizens, but rather a ruthless approach to what she deemed as progress. Thatcher, more than any other leader of her party, was the most vocal in promoting capitalism and its attendant privatization. The merit of such dogmatic approach to governance is debatable but she nevertheless forced many changes in the name of progress. But Thatcher’s iron-fisted efforts were to leave the Conservative party and its political philosophy a legacy of disrepute. In other words, it ended up being a traumatic process â€Å"that cost her the leadership and nearly destroyed her party. No Conservative leader after her has been able to slow the party’s decline into a rancorous rabble. If John Major was unable to nudge it back into the mainstream, William Hague and Iain Duncan Smith fared no better in their attempts to lead it from the right† (Coxall Robins, 2003). With ties to tradit ion broken in this way, the party had become impossible to manage. A little later in the party’s history, the rise and fall of William Hague demonstrates the sort of weak leadership the party has come to be associated with in recent years. Hague, who showed a lot of promise and potential, to go along with his pleasant and amiable personality, took the Tory party into deeper chaos with his infamous speech about â€Å"a foreign land†, further alienating the party from racial minorities inBritain. Coming at a critical time as it did, the speech was even condemned by the parties own backbenchers. For example,

Free Essays on Job Analysis

In the years ahead, employers face an unprecedented set of challenges. To remain viable or to grow and prosper, they must be efficient. At the same time they must be seen by the users of their goods or services, and by the public who keeps them in business, as productive and responsive to consumer or public needs (Bemis, 1983). Furthermore, they must meet legal and social demands to employ a diverse and representative work force, which often means employing member of minority groups or women in jobs traditionally held by whites or men, and vice versa. In short, organizations must be more productive while meeting complex, often contradictory, legal social, administrative and economic demands (Bemis, 1983). There is no single or simple solution to these interacting pressures on employers, but a focal point for addressing them is at the level of the jobs that people perform in the organization. An understanding of how a job is designed, how people are sought and selected for a position and how they are evaluated and rewarded by an organization is critical for efficient human resource management (Kimeldorf, 1997). The first step in looking at jobs for human resource management purposes is job analysis (Bemis, 1983) Job Analysis is â€Å"the process of determining and reporting pertinent information relating to the nature of a specific job. It is the determination of the tasks which comprise the job and of the skills, knowledge, abilities and responsibilities required of the holder for successful job performance.† (Byars, 1994) Put another way, job analysis is the process of determining, through observation and study the pertinent information relating to the nature of a specific job. Job analysis serves as the cornerstone of all human resource functions. Jobs must be analyzed before many of the other human resource functions can be performed. For example, effective recruitment is not possible unless the recru... Free Essays on Job Analysis Free Essays on Job Analysis In the years ahead, employers face an unprecedented set of challenges. To remain viable or to grow and prosper, they must be efficient. At the same time they must be seen by the users of their goods or services, and by the public who keeps them in business, as productive and responsive to consumer or public needs (Bemis, 1983). Furthermore, they must meet legal and social demands to employ a diverse and representative work force, which often means employing member of minority groups or women in jobs traditionally held by whites or men, and vice versa. In short, organizations must be more productive while meeting complex, often contradictory, legal social, administrative and economic demands (Bemis, 1983). There is no single or simple solution to these interacting pressures on employers, but a focal point for addressing them is at the level of the jobs that people perform in the organization. An understanding of how a job is designed, how people are sought and selected for a position and how they are evaluated and rewarded by an organization is critical for efficient human resource management (Kimeldorf, 1997). The first step in looking at jobs for human resource management purposes is job analysis (Bemis, 1983) Job Analysis is â€Å"the process of determining and reporting pertinent information relating to the nature of a specific job. It is the determination of the tasks which comprise the job and of the skills, knowledge, abilities and responsibilities required of the holder for successful job performance.† (Byars, 1994) Put another way, job analysis is the process of determining, through observation and study the pertinent information relating to the nature of a specific job. Job analysis serves as the cornerstone of all human resource functions. Jobs must be analyzed before many of the other human resource functions can be performed. For example, effective recruitment is not possible unless the recru...

Next Marketing Strategy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Next Marketing Strategy - Case Study Example The company designs, manufactures and sells clothes under the brand name 'Next' and targets people between the age group of 20 to 40. Since its expansion drive in 1999, the company had to close down its international outlets that were managed by it directly, and has since then concentrated on franchising options for the overseas markets. It operates in well over 20 different countries. Since 1999, the company's primary activities have been progressing along two major sections namely retail clothing and catalog sales. The retail section of the company contributes to around two thirds of the company's income. It was around 821 million in 1999. Moreover, the company has also adopted the policy of closing down smaller stores and has been in favor of opening superstores. Under its 'Next catalog' banner, the company offers the service of enabling customers to order products using a catalog, after which the purchased products are delivered to the customer's home. In fact, this method of sho pping (under the next brand) has become ingrained in the minds of the common Briton. One of the primary differences between other companies and next happens to be the fact that the latter focuses on the middle class customers. It designs and markets affordable clothes that are contemporary unlike other retail houses such as marks & Spencer that produces fashionable garments under various brand names. Likewise, the company has also adopted the policy of designing its clothes under its watchful eye, but in an attempt to cut down costs, it has been getting the goods produced in countries such as china, where the cost of production is comparatively much cheaper. The production operations are handled by the company's house in Hong Kong. The company has also started offering financial services under the next brand credit financing. In spite of these branches, retail and catalog sales continue to be the two main contributors to the company's revenues. The current trend and pattern of expansion of the company suggests a pattern similar to the one that Marks & Spencer had been following a little while earlier (except the approach of in-country production followed by M&S, which proved costly). Many industry experts predict that he company today stands at a crossroad, where speculating where the company would be faced in the near future would be extremely hard to figure out. The company now holds just a little over half of the stores it used to own way back during the 80s and most have been closed down as a result of next finding itself unable to manage such a large chain. Moreover, during that period of the 80s and the 90s, the company was not ale to register any significant rise in sales as a result of these expansions. The stagnant UK market since the last decade has forced the company to turn towards overseas markets, which is regarded by many as a moderate policy. The shutting down of small shops, paving the way for bigger store s has helped it manage its operations in a better manner, which is evident from the fact that the company's revenues started to climb since the move was taken. The most notable points about the company and its operating environment are as listed below: 1. End of international expansion in 1999 as a

Writing about Setting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Writing about Setting - Essay Example Still, the notion of peace hits the mind of human living in the 21st century because of violent mindsets, mental maps and schemata. The peace can only be attained with the assistance of peaceful mindset and the peaceful mindset can be translated practically in the virtues of patience and attainment of knowledge (Bradbury, Mars is Heaven).. The writer created all of the characters including Captain Black and his fellow crewmen so that he can create an image of peace to satisfy his own personal and private need to taste the notion and the concept of peace and tranquility. The writer seeks refuge in literary world because the real one is messed up. The story convey nothing less and nothing more than the conceiver’s urge to have peace in this world and he took support of Mars to communicate, design and develop a peaceful human culture. The story always leads back to the writer and I believe that conceiver of this one is a pained, enlightened and disturbed human on the basic and fundamental level. The story evolves and thrives on the surprise level of Captain and his crew that they had experienced when visiting the Mars (Bradbury, Mars is Heaven).. They perceived the planet as barren and a ball of dust. But, to their surprise, what they found was full of life. The life on Mars was enjoyable, enviable and felt like a dream. The next generation of humanity did not expect the presence of such a peaceful and quiet place after studying the history of their ancestral national, racial and regional conflicts that triggered horrific wars (Bradbury, Mars is Heaven).. The Captain felt agony and distastefulness because of the unnerving situation. But, his archeologist thought for a moment and the moment’s thought was sufficient to know what is going on. The archeologist theorized that few of the humans hated war and therefore, they left the Earth so that they find peace and patience in the

Barriers to Implementing an E-Learning System

Barriers to Implementing an E-Learning System General Introduction/Background In todays world of globalization, knowledge and learning is considered the most vital element for acquiring competitive advantage (Longworth and Davies, 1996). For gaining competitive advantage firms and institutions are becoming more knowledge intensive, therefore they concentrate more on managing and sharing knowledge to gain significant advantage of this knowledge (Hertog and Sluijs, 1995).Traditional education style has remained consistent without any changes been made to the system. This has enabled a large number of creative thinkers to ponder other possible educational approaches that could benefit the system (GÃÆ'Â ¼nes, 2008). On the other hand, technology is necessary in order to conquer, but it is also a necessity to remain in competition. All the sectors, whether it is primary, manufacturing or tertiary, all of them have been forced to accept technology to become innovative and efficient (GÃÆ'Â ¼nes, 2008). Technology has not only radically changed the ways and methods of our works but is now beginning to transform the education system (Webster and Murphy, 2008).With the use of internet technologies, firms and institutions have outstanding opportunities to deliver education and different training techniques through strategic use of internet technologies (Lee, 2006; Kaohsiung; Taiwan, 2006). The use of Internet technologies combined with suitable learning strategies assists to provide an open, flexible and dynamic learning environment. As a result many corporations, government agencies and academic institutions worldwide have increased the use of internet and educational technologies to deliver instructions and provide training. This innovative approach of delivering information and education is known as E-learning (Khan, 2008). E-learning can be simply defined as the way of learning which delivers its contents through World Wide Web (Gulatee and Combes, 2007). Sharifabadi defined E-lear ning as the term used to describe teaching and learning resources or experiences that is, in some way, delivered electronically. (Gulatee and Combes, 2007; Sharifabadi, 2006, p.391). E-learning is a way of interaction through electronic mediums, mainly computers, by using videos, photos, texts and sounds for different educational purposes (Gulatee and Combes, 2007). E-learning system creates a learning opportunity for the convenience of those who do not have the opportunity to be physically available, due to various reasons (Gulatee and Combes, 2007; Werry, 2002). Hence, during the late 1990s and early 2000 many online universities were established and more universities were offering online courses, but mixed results of the E-learning systems were encountered (Gulatee and Combes, 2007). Different researches have pointed out many barriers in E-learnings implementation, which lead to its failure. For example technological infrastructure, course content quality, financial support, learners computing skills, staff training, management support and organizations culture resistance (Romiszowski, 2003, Childs et al, 2005, Muilenburg and Berge, 2005). Organizations cultural resistance is considered as the most influential barrier in E-learnings implementation process. The cultures resistance or resistance from the potential users negatively affects the implementation process. Unwillingness of the employees can create major problems for the managers and can lead to the system failure (Shields and Young, 1989, p. 22). Employees resistance and avoiding of the use of required procedures and rules could lead the system to failure even if it has been developed perfectly and is ready to use (Malmi, 1997, p. 475). In this instant the managers cannot gain full benefits of the new system unless they can create a change in the employees attitude (Yates, 1997, p. 164). Cultural differences among peers could create many problems in implementation of E-learning system. Therefore, if the cultural issues are overlooked during implementation, their ignorance could act as a vital barrier in E-learnings success (AL-Hunaiyyan et al, 2008; Gujar and S onone, 2004). Problem statement There are different articles and books available in the market which mentioned about the usefulness and advantages of E-learning. Web-based learning is a new medium of information technology; researchers have mentioned many different factors which act as barriers towards implementing E-learning system (Ngai et al., 2007). There are different factors cited by various authors which exist in their research papers that can help us to identify critical barriers. In addition, we are interested in finding out, to which extent an organization is dependent on the role of its culture, and how culture can lead to success or failure of the E-learning system. It should be noted that culture has a great impact in organizations and are important when decision making is involved in IT management. In this regard, an organization is said to be confronted with stiff resistance, consequently making IT management a difficult task (Childs et al, 2005). To overcome the barriers for implementing E- learning , an organization should try and manage these barriers accordingly because they are critical to any organizations general business model and can equally affect the organizations decision making process. Research question What are the critical barriers of implementing E-learning system and what is the role of organizational culture in successful implementation of E-learning system? Objectives and Purpose of the Research The purpose of this research is to describe and analyze the critical factors which may affect the implementation of E-learning system. Investigating the barriers of implementing E-learning system would help to lower down the barriers in future implementation. Moreover by examining the cultural influence of an organization towards E-learning systems implementation process, it will be easier to identify a complete outline for organizations to implement E-Learning system and to make the system work efficiently and successfully. Thesis design The structure of the thesis is principally focused on six chapters which include Chapter 1: Introduction/Background The Introduction gives brief overview of the research topic, including the purpose and objectives, problems and research question. Chapter 2: Research Design/Methods This chapter deals with the choice of topic, research process which indicates how these datas will be analyzed, data collection, validity and reliability, and method critique. Chapter 3: Framework of reference This chapter discusses relevant theories to give the reader an understanding of the barriers which come across E-learning systems implementation processes cited by different authors. Chapter 4: Findings This chapter provides frequencies of different barriers for implementing E-learning system described by different authors. Chapter 5 Analysis This chapter will describe the analysis based on the findings. Chapter 6: Conclusions This section finally concludes the lessons drawn from the findings Research Design/Methods This chapter deals with the choice of topic, research process which indicates how these datas will be analyzed, data collection, validity and reliability, and method critique. Choice of Topic Fisher (2007, p.31-33) suggested that authors should choose research area according to their interests, so they remain motivated and committed to complete the project. The authors belong to Pakistan, where E-learning system is not much in practiced in organizations. While, E-learning system is already in use in Sweden, we found out that E-learning system is a proficient tool in learning process. Therefore, it was quite intriguing for us to explore this topic. In addition, we were interested in finding out the barriers for implementation of E-learning system and to investigate the role of organizations culture for successful implementation of E-learning system. Fisher (2007, p.31-33) urges that chosen topic should be accessible and it is necessary to make sure that quite literature is available for making detail analysis. We are certain that our topic is enough interesting, significant and demanding for all researchers, businesses managers and Information Technology Management student s. Research Process There are various methodological approaches to carry out research i.e. Realist research, exploratory research, critical realism, standpoint research, action research and phenomenology etc, Fisher (2007, p.15). In addition, Fisher (2007, p.153-155) mentioned two kinds of discoveries e.g. Explorers and Surveyors. A kind of research where an open approach is used with conceptual framework but the authors are not sure about outcomes and results of the work they do, is called exploratory research. On the other hand surveyors discovery approach is pre-structured where surveyors are already inform of the results and out come of their work. According to these concepts our research is exploratory as we are dependent on secondary data. Data Collection and source Fisher (2007, p.45) states that data could be collected from existing databases, through questionnaires, conducting fieldwork or performing case studies as it depends on the kind of research. In this research entire data has been collected from available databases as the research is entirely based on secondary data collection method. Secondary source has been used in this research. The data was extracted from articles, books and websites, magazines, journals and articles with focus on critical barriers to E-learning implementation. Fisher stated that (2007, P.158-161) data could be qualitative or quantitative depending on the method of research study. A quantitative approach has been used here in this research. No statistics has been used in this research and as all research has been analyzed by words not figures. Access of information Secondary data has extracted from different sources. The required literature has been acquired by searching MÃÆ'Â ¤lardalen Universitys library. Furthermore, we have used online library (ebrary) as well as other librarys database such as Elin, Emerald, Eric and EBSCO for articles and journals, which have helped us to answer our research query. Going through a wide-ranging literature review, twenty five articles were identified that give answer to the research question from distinct angles. To identify the barriers to Implementation of E-learning system, keyword search criteria based on title contained; ÃÆ'ËÅ" Barriers of E-learning system implementation, ÃÆ'ËÅ" Implications of E-learning system in organizations, ÃÆ'ËÅ" Implementation of E-learning system in large organization, ÃÆ'ËÅ" Challenges of E-learning Implementation, ÃÆ'ËÅ" Limitations of E-learning System, To describe and analyze the role of organizations culture for successful implementation of E-learning system in organization, keyword search criteria contained; ÃÆ'ËÅ" Cultural issues of E-leaning system, ÃÆ'ËÅ" Cultural Influence on online Learning, ÃÆ'ËÅ" Cultural influence on student learning, ÃÆ'ËÅ" Analyzing cultural Influences on E-learning Transactional Issue, ÃÆ'ËÅ" Cultural difference and influence on E-learning, ÃÆ'ËÅ" Social and cultural impact on E-learning Effectiveness, ÃÆ'ËÅ" A cultural Analysis of relearning for developed and developing countries, ÃÆ'ËÅ" Cross and Multicultural issues for E-learning success, ÃÆ'ËÅ" Influence of organizational cultural in E-learning, ÃÆ'ËÅ" Organizational resistance towards implementing E-learning system. Data Analysis According to Miles and Huberman (1994, p.10) data analysis consists of three parallel flows of activity: (1) Data reduction, (2) Data display, and (3) Conclusion drawing/verification. Furthermore they suggested that data analysis components could be successfully integrated during data analysis, as it is an iterative and continuous process (Miles and Huberman 1994). They have stated three components of activities that describe analysis which are; First is data reduction that is focused on selection, simplification and transformation of data (Miles and Huberman 1994). This process is applied in qualitative data. The objective of this is data is to help drawing final conclusion and verification. In this study data is taken from the studies where authors cited barriers to implement E-learning with focus on cultural resistance in an organization. Second is data display i.e. data reduced in data reduction needs to be organized that help to draw conclusion easily. In table mentioned below, different factors related to critical barriers to implementation of E-learning system and the role of organizations culture is given below along with the frequency of each factor. Third is the conclusion based on drawing/verifying; describes the possible explanations, causal flows and propositions to be made. Therefore based on the findings and discussed analysis, conclusions would be drawn to signify the influential role of organizations culture towards the implementation process. Validity and Reliability Validity is defined as the degree which researchers have measured what they have set out to measure (Kumar, 2005) whereas reliability means the extent to which another researcher can reach the same conclusion by following the same research process (Taylor et al., 2006). Several articles have been used to identify the barriers of implementing E-learning system and to analyze the role of organizational culture. Besides, frequencies of more influential barriers have been generated to validate the barriers and cultural role in implementation process. Method Critique Due to the time limitation, a limited number of articles have been used to formulate the frequency to identify the critical barriers. It could be better to use more articles to strengthen our research as a number of studies have already been done in this area. However this study will describe and analyze the critical barriers for the implementation of E-learning system related literature and to gain a theoretical background. It was also discovered during analysis of this study that most of the authors mentioned the critical factors with mere repetition with diverse definitions. Framework of Reference This chapter discusses relevant theories to give the reader an understanding of the barriers which come across E-learning systems implementation processes cited by different authors. E-learning What is E-learning? E-learning can be defined as learning and communication exercises across computers and networks or electronic sources. (Wong, 2007 ; Schank, 2002; Roffe, 2002 Tsai Machado, 2002; Sambrook, 2003; Fry; Wild, Grggs and Downing, 2002) have defined E-learning as delivery of training and education via networked interactivity and distribution technologies.According to Khan (2008), the word E-learning is used for an open, flexible, and diverse E-learning environment. E-learning can be analyzed as an inventive approach for delivering learner-centered, well designed, interactive, and facilitated learning environment to anyplace, anyone, anytime by utilizing the features and resources of different digital technologies along with other forms of learning materials suited for open, distributed, and flexible learning environment (Khan, 2008). In E-learning system Students are able to interact anytime from anywhere with different instructional material (text, sound, pictures, video and so on) through Internet. Furthermore, learners can even communicate with teachers and classmates both individually and as a group discussion with the use of message boards, instant message exchanges and video conferencing. (Al-Ammari and Hamad, 2008; Andersson, 2009; Zhang and Zhou, 2003). (Lee, 2006) Therefore, E-learning has been defined variously, learning system using different carrying technologies and techniques like Computer Based Training (CBT), Internet-based training (IBT), Web-based instruction (WBI), distributed learning (DL), advanced distributed learning (ADL), distance learning, online learning (OL), mobile learning (or m-learning) or remote learning and learning management systems (LMS) (Khan, 2008). For managing learning environment like, registration of learners, scheduling learning resources, controlling and guidance of learning processes and analyzing learners performance are all accomplish in Learning Management System (LMS) (Gulatee and Combes, 2007; Brown, 2006). In 1970s and 1980s distance learning started becoming popular and sued to conduct through postal mail but in 1990s the rise of World Wide Web changed the nature distance learning. With the use of this technology learners can get a number of resources from their teachers like discussion forums, multimedia, chat, video conferencing and electronic black boards. These changes which have been brought in distance education are an attempt to provide easier access to students who live very far from universities, who are working or have other reasons for not being able to attend in person. In the US in the academic year 2001-2, five million people took at least one course online, and three million were enrolled in online degree programs (Gulatee and Combes, 2007; Kazmer Haythornthwaite, 2005, p.7). It can be seen in these figures that distance education online has become a popular alternative to face-to-face instruction. Implementation of E-learning One of the following three approaches is necessary for the implementation of the E-learning system: To strengthen the traditional face-to-face courses with support of new communication technology, enhancement of experience with in traditional courses by integration of online activities and delivery of entirely online courses. In this implementation the readiness of some influential factors like budgeting, infrastructure planning, human resource development (experience, skills, knowledge and attitude of the end users) are most common. Uhomoibhi (2006) stated that E-learning initiators, institutions must use and prepare strategies for adoption, diffusion and implementation. For a successful implementation of online environment where learners can actively learn and get support from well-organized approach is mandatory. Processes of planning, designing, development and evaluation are all parts of a successful implementation that could help to lower down the barriers of implementation (Uhomoibhi, 2006). An E-learning system can only be successful if it is significant to all stakeholders e.g. instructors, learners; support services staff and the institutions itself. In order for learners to become quickly accustomed to E-learning, it must be made sure that it is easily accessible, efficient, well designed course, affordable, and has a facilitated learning environment. Instructors must feel a sense of accomplishment when learners meet the goals and objectives of the course in a successful way. Technical support staff should feel happy when learners receive reliable services without interruptions. One of the most important factors for institutions is the profit they earn as well as the satisfaction of the learner and a low rate of dropouts (Khan, 2005). A strong foundation is required in order to have an effective implementation of E-learning. Aligning and communication are two important factors in implementation of E-learning system. It is necessary to make sure the communication is in order. Involvement of key stakeholders at the decision making stage or any other early process is very important(Khan, 2005). Communication is also important for those who are directly responsible for the implementation; and professionals also suggest a horizontal leadership style so that everyone is responsible for their actions. This includes individuals who are critical to the implementations success which include line, functional and divisional leaders. There should be consistent scheduled meetings with these individuals to discuss the newly arising issues in the project to come up with a solution (Khan, 2005). Most of the pitfalls of E-learning are tied to technological issues so it is important to involve IT leadership throughout the project to mitigate the problems in implementation process. Creation of helpdesk for reporting of IT related issues is more important. While selecting the vendors it is important to make sure that the vendors have an outstanding and proven record. Strong communication and feedback from vendors is a necessary step for a successful implementation (Khan, 2005). An overview of the critical issues in E-learning implementation Worldwide, E-learning arises as a new paradigm of advance education with a growing rate of 36.5 percent in the market, but still failures exist (Sun et al., 2008). As many companies are moving very fast to the adoption of E-learning in order to reap its benefits but they are facing significant barriers in its implementation and adoption, which leads them to implementation failure (Mungania, 2003). Hence, to mitigate this failure we have to investigate key factors that encompass different dimensions of an open, flexible and advanced distributed learning environment for diverse learners (Khan, 2005). Literature has mentioned a wide range of factors that can influence the successful implementation of E-learning e.g. some talks about pedagogical issues, faculty issues and organizational issues while some may have discussed about personal issues, cultural issues and some other issues. A broad range of factors that can influence the success of E-learning environments has been mentioned in the literature. However, there is no organized work to characterize collective group of most influential issues or factors, which could be seen as barriers Wong (2007). Distinct authors consider different barriers as most influential in implementation of E-learning Wong (2007). Wong (2007) has categorized E-learning limitations in three main areas; technological limitations, personal issues and other limitations. The lack of hardware, limited Internet coverage and low bandwidth are all consider as technological barriers in implementation of E- learning (Hiltz, 1997; Kathawala, Abdou, Elmulti, 2002; Wong, 2007). Kember et al., 2001; Dearnley, 2003) stated that personal issues are mostly related to learners and teachers. Teachers should give a complete guidance to the learners about this new and non-traditional system to prepare new learners psychologically (Wong, 2007 ; Kember et al., 2001; Dearnley, 2003). For learners the use of new technologies could be a disadvantage or barrier in E- learning. So the lack information, communication and technological skills might be barriers to E-learning because learners could get frustrated from this unconventional learning environment. (Wong, 2007 ; Carr, 1999; Hamid, 2002; Angelina, 2002a, p.12) The freedom provided by E-learning could be a disadvantage for the learners as internal motivation and self discipline is required at its maximum which learners may find hard to achieve in order to complete their studies or assignments in time. As (Wong, 2007 ; Kearsley, 2000) Schott et al., 2003; Rivera and Rice, 2002; Abouchedid and Eid, 2004).In E-learning environment students are usually supposed to communicate in a text based environment so learners poor writing ÂÂ ¨skills might be a disadvantage in E- learning. Therefore, the inability of communicating efficiently of learners could create misunderstandings (Wong, 2007; Smith Rupp, 2004). Others limitations: E-learning provides 247 access. This infinite work might be a disadvantage for learners and particularly for teachers. This unlimited work could over stress teachers, resulting in a low quality services from instructors. (Abdou Elmulti, 2002;. Dringus, 2003; Newton, 2003; Kathawala, Schifter, 2004).Poor course design could appear a major barrier in implementation of E-learning as it could frustrate the learners and teachers. (Young and Bal, 2003; Smulders, 2003; Howell, Williams Lindsay 2003; Gordon, Young Bal, 2003; Svensson, 2004; Ivergard Hunt, 2005 ;). Cronje (2009) sees some influential barriers such as student barriers are related to lack of financial support from their families and cooperation among peers and from teachers (Cronje, 2009; Galusha, 1997). Faculty barriers the lack of funds is the most important one. Institutes attitude towards the lecturers that some time seems less prominent among their peers is considered another important barrier in successful E-learning (Cronje, 2009; Galusha, 1997). Organizational barriers poor funding for three major costs areas are considered more crucial barriers e.g. Initial costs of the implementation process, maintenance and up gradation. Course barriers course design is regarded as most important one. Poor course design is one of reasons of inferiority of Distance learning. Conversion of teaching context in to electronic shape could not add any value to E-learning (Cronje, 2009; Galusha, 1997) Boondao et al. (2008) mentioned, It is not possible, in the view of some scholars, to create a model of the good teacher without taking issues of culture and context into account. The influence of culture cannot be ignored in successful implementation of E-learning. Considering learners from different culture e.g. east and west, learners from both cultures have particular approaches and styles of learning. Therefore, lack of consideration of cultural issues during designing could prove as a barrier in successful implementation of E-learning (Boondao et al, 2008). Discussing the different critical barriers Nowadays an escalating amount of companies are implementing E-learning System (Mungania, 2003). But as these companies try to take advantages of E-learning to gain strategic and competitive advantages in absolute urgency, there are significant number of barriers to the implementation of E-learning come across to halt them (Simmons, 2002, p.19 and Mungania, (2003). As E-learning barriers are diverse and can be classified as personal, organizational, situational, instructional and technological. (Mungania, 2003) Moreover Khans E-learning framework provides details on critical issues which may come across E-learning implementation process. Khans E-learning framework composed of eight dimensions: institutional, management, pedagogical, technological, interface design, ethical, evaluation, and resource support. Institutional Issues Institutions need to build a complete plan for the successful implementation of E learning system (Khan 2005, p.23). Moreover Childs et al (2005) stated that institution should focus on cultural aspects for the implementation process of E learning system which have a significant effect upon the success of E-learning process (Cronje, 2009).E-learning needs to be integrated to all departments of the institution therefore a strong commitment is needed from the institution and the trainers Childs et al (2005). Moreover, E-learning implementation plan must be fully aligned with the institutions ambitions and strategic plans (Galusha, 1997; Belanger and Jordan, 2000). Therefore E-learning implementation process is paradigm shift for the institution as a whole which includes learners, instructors, administrators, technical and other support services staff (Romiszowski, 2004). To support institutions in strategic planning, change management and process development which are necessary to highlight their embedding process and issues which may occur in their organization (Childs et al (2005) and Khan 2005,p.23). Khan has divided institution issue into three parts administrative affairs, academic affairs and student services (Khan 2005, p. 24). Administrative affairs which includes organization and change (implementation of E-learning system), budgeting and return on investment, course information catalog, financial aid, course schedule, tuition fees, registration and payment, information technology services, instructional design, whereas academic affairs issues such as policies, instructional quality, faculty and staff support, intellectual property rights and so on (Khan 2005, p. 24 ). Moreover Student services deals with student support services for E-learning effectiveness. Management issues Magalhaes (2008) stated that lack of management support is number one barrier towards successful implementation of E-learning system in institution. Management issues of E-learning in organization refers to various phases of administration such as scheduling, design, construction, assessment, delivery, and maintenance (Romiszowski 2003 and Parkham et al, 2004). Managing issues in organizations depend upon various elements including content delivery, and technology Trentin (2003). Khan (2005) also stated that for the success of E learning system institution must focus on three key areas people, process, and products involved in E-learning projects which depends upon integrated team approach (Jung, 2003).Critical management factors categorized by Khan (2005) are mentioned below: Technological Issues Technological limitations are among the major barriers for the success of E-learning system (Wong, 2007).Technological limitations of E-learning system relates to computer hardware, software and relevant resources (Wong, 2007).Connectivity problems, lack of training, navigation issues, limitations of 24/7 technical support, loss of data and incapability to save or transfer data are the most common technological limitations (Mungania, 2003). Usually small and medium enterprises fail to implement E-learning system due to lack of support in hardware and software (Sambrook, 2003;Wong, 2007).The technological issues can be divided into three parts infrastructure planning, hardware, and software (Kearsley, 2000; Rumble, 2000). Success of E learming system in organizations depends upon infrastructure planning which includes a well documented strategy, focusing on infrastructure. (McGraw, 2001; Romiszowski, 2004).As E-learning environment depends on digital infrastructure, there for institutions should have consistent and well-organized networks to support E-learning (khan 2005, p.154). Moreover institutions should develop policies and guidelines to cater various issues of hardware, software, and networks as institutions involved in implementation of E-learning may suffer. (Wong, 2007, Romiszowski, 2004) Learners require basic hardware for E-learning such as desktop or notebook computers and printers (Kathawala, Abdou, Elmulti, 2002;Hiltz, 1997, Wong, 2007). Therefore, one of the major technological limitations of E-learning is the availability of computer hardware (wong,2007). Major hardware limitations of E-learning system is the necessity of relevant resources which includes servers, modems, microphones, wireless devices, printers, scanners, computers, networking devices, cameras storage devices and other equipments. (Wong, 2007, Khan 2005, p.159) Institution experience similar problems such as software costs as well as software support cost, particularly for software licenses which acts as a significant barrier (khan 2005, p.159). Software includes word processors, databases, e-mail, presentation programs, reader software, browsers and plug-ins, spreadsheets, learning management systems (LMS), authoring tools and enterprise software and so on (LytasPauloudi,2001 and Khan 2005, p.159-160) Pedagogical Issues Success of E-learning systems implementation depends on the adherence to underlay pedagogical principles that are entrenched in the E-learning (Uhomoibhi, 2006). Pedagogical issues in E-learning are major challenges in distance education therefore a strong need of resources for development of the course material arises Barriers to Implementing an E-Learning System Barriers to Implementing an E-Learning System General Introduction/Background In todays world of globalization, knowledge and learning is considered the most vital element for acquiring competitive advantage (Longworth and Davies, 1996). For gaining competitive advantage firms and institutions are becoming more knowledge intensive, therefore they concentrate more on managing and sharing knowledge to gain significant advantage of this knowledge (Hertog and Sluijs, 1995).Traditional education style has remained consistent without any changes been made to the system. This has enabled a large number of creative thinkers to ponder other possible educational approaches that could benefit the system (GÃÆ'Â ¼nes, 2008). On the other hand, technology is necessary in order to conquer, but it is also a necessity to remain in competition. All the sectors, whether it is primary, manufacturing or tertiary, all of them have been forced to accept technology to become innovative and efficient (GÃÆ'Â ¼nes, 2008). Technology has not only radically changed the ways and methods of our works but is now beginning to transform the education system (Webster and Murphy, 2008).With the use of internet technologies, firms and institutions have outstanding opportunities to deliver education and different training techniques through strategic use of internet technologies (Lee, 2006; Kaohsiung; Taiwan, 2006). The use of Internet technologies combined with suitable learning strategies assists to provide an open, flexible and dynamic learning environment. As a result many corporations, government agencies and academic institutions worldwide have increased the use of internet and educational technologies to deliver instructions and provide training. This innovative approach of delivering information and education is known as E-learning (Khan, 2008). E-learning can be simply defined as the way of learning which delivers its contents through World Wide Web (Gulatee and Combes, 2007). Sharifabadi defined E-lear ning as the term used to describe teaching and learning resources or experiences that is, in some way, delivered electronically. (Gulatee and Combes, 2007; Sharifabadi, 2006, p.391). E-learning is a way of interaction through electronic mediums, mainly computers, by using videos, photos, texts and sounds for different educational purposes (Gulatee and Combes, 2007). E-learning system creates a learning opportunity for the convenience of those who do not have the opportunity to be physically available, due to various reasons (Gulatee and Combes, 2007; Werry, 2002). Hence, during the late 1990s and early 2000 many online universities were established and more universities were offering online courses, but mixed results of the E-learning systems were encountered (Gulatee and Combes, 2007). Different researches have pointed out many barriers in E-learnings implementation, which lead to its failure. For example technological infrastructure, course content quality, financial support, learners computing skills, staff training, management support and organizations culture resistance (Romiszowski, 2003, Childs et al, 2005, Muilenburg and Berge, 2005). Organizations cultural resistance is considered as the most influential barrier in E-learnings implementation process. The cultures resistance or resistance from the potential users negatively affects the implementation process. Unwillingness of the employees can create major problems for the managers and can lead to the system failure (Shields and Young, 1989, p. 22). Employees resistance and avoiding of the use of required procedures and rules could lead the system to failure even if it has been developed perfectly and is ready to use (Malmi, 1997, p. 475). In this instant the managers cannot gain full benefits of the new system unless they can create a change in the employees attitude (Yates, 1997, p. 164). Cultural differences among peers could create many problems in implementation of E-learning system. Therefore, if the cultural issues are overlooked during implementation, their ignorance could act as a vital barrier in E-learnings success (AL-Hunaiyyan et al, 2008; Gujar and S onone, 2004). Problem statement There are different articles and books available in the market which mentioned about the usefulness and advantages of E-learning. Web-based learning is a new medium of information technology; researchers have mentioned many different factors which act as barriers towards implementing E-learning system (Ngai et al., 2007). There are different factors cited by various authors which exist in their research papers that can help us to identify critical barriers. In addition, we are interested in finding out, to which extent an organization is dependent on the role of its culture, and how culture can lead to success or failure of the E-learning system. It should be noted that culture has a great impact in organizations and are important when decision making is involved in IT management. In this regard, an organization is said to be confronted with stiff resistance, consequently making IT management a difficult task (Childs et al, 2005). To overcome the barriers for implementing E- learning , an organization should try and manage these barriers accordingly because they are critical to any organizations general business model and can equally affect the organizations decision making process. Research question What are the critical barriers of implementing E-learning system and what is the role of organizational culture in successful implementation of E-learning system? Objectives and Purpose of the Research The purpose of this research is to describe and analyze the critical factors which may affect the implementation of E-learning system. Investigating the barriers of implementing E-learning system would help to lower down the barriers in future implementation. Moreover by examining the cultural influence of an organization towards E-learning systems implementation process, it will be easier to identify a complete outline for organizations to implement E-Learning system and to make the system work efficiently and successfully. Thesis design The structure of the thesis is principally focused on six chapters which include Chapter 1: Introduction/Background The Introduction gives brief overview of the research topic, including the purpose and objectives, problems and research question. Chapter 2: Research Design/Methods This chapter deals with the choice of topic, research process which indicates how these datas will be analyzed, data collection, validity and reliability, and method critique. Chapter 3: Framework of reference This chapter discusses relevant theories to give the reader an understanding of the barriers which come across E-learning systems implementation processes cited by different authors. Chapter 4: Findings This chapter provides frequencies of different barriers for implementing E-learning system described by different authors. Chapter 5 Analysis This chapter will describe the analysis based on the findings. Chapter 6: Conclusions This section finally concludes the lessons drawn from the findings Research Design/Methods This chapter deals with the choice of topic, research process which indicates how these datas will be analyzed, data collection, validity and reliability, and method critique. Choice of Topic Fisher (2007, p.31-33) suggested that authors should choose research area according to their interests, so they remain motivated and committed to complete the project. The authors belong to Pakistan, where E-learning system is not much in practiced in organizations. While, E-learning system is already in use in Sweden, we found out that E-learning system is a proficient tool in learning process. Therefore, it was quite intriguing for us to explore this topic. In addition, we were interested in finding out the barriers for implementation of E-learning system and to investigate the role of organizations culture for successful implementation of E-learning system. Fisher (2007, p.31-33) urges that chosen topic should be accessible and it is necessary to make sure that quite literature is available for making detail analysis. We are certain that our topic is enough interesting, significant and demanding for all researchers, businesses managers and Information Technology Management student s. Research Process There are various methodological approaches to carry out research i.e. Realist research, exploratory research, critical realism, standpoint research, action research and phenomenology etc, Fisher (2007, p.15). In addition, Fisher (2007, p.153-155) mentioned two kinds of discoveries e.g. Explorers and Surveyors. A kind of research where an open approach is used with conceptual framework but the authors are not sure about outcomes and results of the work they do, is called exploratory research. On the other hand surveyors discovery approach is pre-structured where surveyors are already inform of the results and out come of their work. According to these concepts our research is exploratory as we are dependent on secondary data. Data Collection and source Fisher (2007, p.45) states that data could be collected from existing databases, through questionnaires, conducting fieldwork or performing case studies as it depends on the kind of research. In this research entire data has been collected from available databases as the research is entirely based on secondary data collection method. Secondary source has been used in this research. The data was extracted from articles, books and websites, magazines, journals and articles with focus on critical barriers to E-learning implementation. Fisher stated that (2007, P.158-161) data could be qualitative or quantitative depending on the method of research study. A quantitative approach has been used here in this research. No statistics has been used in this research and as all research has been analyzed by words not figures. Access of information Secondary data has extracted from different sources. The required literature has been acquired by searching MÃÆ'Â ¤lardalen Universitys library. Furthermore, we have used online library (ebrary) as well as other librarys database such as Elin, Emerald, Eric and EBSCO for articles and journals, which have helped us to answer our research query. Going through a wide-ranging literature review, twenty five articles were identified that give answer to the research question from distinct angles. To identify the barriers to Implementation of E-learning system, keyword search criteria based on title contained; ÃÆ'ËÅ" Barriers of E-learning system implementation, ÃÆ'ËÅ" Implications of E-learning system in organizations, ÃÆ'ËÅ" Implementation of E-learning system in large organization, ÃÆ'ËÅ" Challenges of E-learning Implementation, ÃÆ'ËÅ" Limitations of E-learning System, To describe and analyze the role of organizations culture for successful implementation of E-learning system in organization, keyword search criteria contained; ÃÆ'ËÅ" Cultural issues of E-leaning system, ÃÆ'ËÅ" Cultural Influence on online Learning, ÃÆ'ËÅ" Cultural influence on student learning, ÃÆ'ËÅ" Analyzing cultural Influences on E-learning Transactional Issue, ÃÆ'ËÅ" Cultural difference and influence on E-learning, ÃÆ'ËÅ" Social and cultural impact on E-learning Effectiveness, ÃÆ'ËÅ" A cultural Analysis of relearning for developed and developing countries, ÃÆ'ËÅ" Cross and Multicultural issues for E-learning success, ÃÆ'ËÅ" Influence of organizational cultural in E-learning, ÃÆ'ËÅ" Organizational resistance towards implementing E-learning system. Data Analysis According to Miles and Huberman (1994, p.10) data analysis consists of three parallel flows of activity: (1) Data reduction, (2) Data display, and (3) Conclusion drawing/verification. Furthermore they suggested that data analysis components could be successfully integrated during data analysis, as it is an iterative and continuous process (Miles and Huberman 1994). They have stated three components of activities that describe analysis which are; First is data reduction that is focused on selection, simplification and transformation of data (Miles and Huberman 1994). This process is applied in qualitative data. The objective of this is data is to help drawing final conclusion and verification. In this study data is taken from the studies where authors cited barriers to implement E-learning with focus on cultural resistance in an organization. Second is data display i.e. data reduced in data reduction needs to be organized that help to draw conclusion easily. In table mentioned below, different factors related to critical barriers to implementation of E-learning system and the role of organizations culture is given below along with the frequency of each factor. Third is the conclusion based on drawing/verifying; describes the possible explanations, causal flows and propositions to be made. Therefore based on the findings and discussed analysis, conclusions would be drawn to signify the influential role of organizations culture towards the implementation process. Validity and Reliability Validity is defined as the degree which researchers have measured what they have set out to measure (Kumar, 2005) whereas reliability means the extent to which another researcher can reach the same conclusion by following the same research process (Taylor et al., 2006). Several articles have been used to identify the barriers of implementing E-learning system and to analyze the role of organizational culture. Besides, frequencies of more influential barriers have been generated to validate the barriers and cultural role in implementation process. Method Critique Due to the time limitation, a limited number of articles have been used to formulate the frequency to identify the critical barriers. It could be better to use more articles to strengthen our research as a number of studies have already been done in this area. However this study will describe and analyze the critical barriers for the implementation of E-learning system related literature and to gain a theoretical background. It was also discovered during analysis of this study that most of the authors mentioned the critical factors with mere repetition with diverse definitions. Framework of Reference This chapter discusses relevant theories to give the reader an understanding of the barriers which come across E-learning systems implementation processes cited by different authors. E-learning What is E-learning? E-learning can be defined as learning and communication exercises across computers and networks or electronic sources. (Wong, 2007 ; Schank, 2002; Roffe, 2002 Tsai Machado, 2002; Sambrook, 2003; Fry; Wild, Grggs and Downing, 2002) have defined E-learning as delivery of training and education via networked interactivity and distribution technologies.According to Khan (2008), the word E-learning is used for an open, flexible, and diverse E-learning environment. E-learning can be analyzed as an inventive approach for delivering learner-centered, well designed, interactive, and facilitated learning environment to anyplace, anyone, anytime by utilizing the features and resources of different digital technologies along with other forms of learning materials suited for open, distributed, and flexible learning environment (Khan, 2008). In E-learning system Students are able to interact anytime from anywhere with different instructional material (text, sound, pictures, video and so on) through Internet. Furthermore, learners can even communicate with teachers and classmates both individually and as a group discussion with the use of message boards, instant message exchanges and video conferencing. (Al-Ammari and Hamad, 2008; Andersson, 2009; Zhang and Zhou, 2003). (Lee, 2006) Therefore, E-learning has been defined variously, learning system using different carrying technologies and techniques like Computer Based Training (CBT), Internet-based training (IBT), Web-based instruction (WBI), distributed learning (DL), advanced distributed learning (ADL), distance learning, online learning (OL), mobile learning (or m-learning) or remote learning and learning management systems (LMS) (Khan, 2008). For managing learning environment like, registration of learners, scheduling learning resources, controlling and guidance of learning processes and analyzing learners performance are all accomplish in Learning Management System (LMS) (Gulatee and Combes, 2007; Brown, 2006). In 1970s and 1980s distance learning started becoming popular and sued to conduct through postal mail but in 1990s the rise of World Wide Web changed the nature distance learning. With the use of this technology learners can get a number of resources from their teachers like discussion forums, multimedia, chat, video conferencing and electronic black boards. These changes which have been brought in distance education are an attempt to provide easier access to students who live very far from universities, who are working or have other reasons for not being able to attend in person. In the US in the academic year 2001-2, five million people took at least one course online, and three million were enrolled in online degree programs (Gulatee and Combes, 2007; Kazmer Haythornthwaite, 2005, p.7). It can be seen in these figures that distance education online has become a popular alternative to face-to-face instruction. Implementation of E-learning One of the following three approaches is necessary for the implementation of the E-learning system: To strengthen the traditional face-to-face courses with support of new communication technology, enhancement of experience with in traditional courses by integration of online activities and delivery of entirely online courses. In this implementation the readiness of some influential factors like budgeting, infrastructure planning, human resource development (experience, skills, knowledge and attitude of the end users) are most common. Uhomoibhi (2006) stated that E-learning initiators, institutions must use and prepare strategies for adoption, diffusion and implementation. For a successful implementation of online environment where learners can actively learn and get support from well-organized approach is mandatory. Processes of planning, designing, development and evaluation are all parts of a successful implementation that could help to lower down the barriers of implementation (Uhomoibhi, 2006). An E-learning system can only be successful if it is significant to all stakeholders e.g. instructors, learners; support services staff and the institutions itself. In order for learners to become quickly accustomed to E-learning, it must be made sure that it is easily accessible, efficient, well designed course, affordable, and has a facilitated learning environment. Instructors must feel a sense of accomplishment when learners meet the goals and objectives of the course in a successful way. Technical support staff should feel happy when learners receive reliable services without interruptions. One of the most important factors for institutions is the profit they earn as well as the satisfaction of the learner and a low rate of dropouts (Khan, 2005). A strong foundation is required in order to have an effective implementation of E-learning. Aligning and communication are two important factors in implementation of E-learning system. It is necessary to make sure the communication is in order. Involvement of key stakeholders at the decision making stage or any other early process is very important(Khan, 2005). Communication is also important for those who are directly responsible for the implementation; and professionals also suggest a horizontal leadership style so that everyone is responsible for their actions. This includes individuals who are critical to the implementations success which include line, functional and divisional leaders. There should be consistent scheduled meetings with these individuals to discuss the newly arising issues in the project to come up with a solution (Khan, 2005). Most of the pitfalls of E-learning are tied to technological issues so it is important to involve IT leadership throughout the project to mitigate the problems in implementation process. Creation of helpdesk for reporting of IT related issues is more important. While selecting the vendors it is important to make sure that the vendors have an outstanding and proven record. Strong communication and feedback from vendors is a necessary step for a successful implementation (Khan, 2005). An overview of the critical issues in E-learning implementation Worldwide, E-learning arises as a new paradigm of advance education with a growing rate of 36.5 percent in the market, but still failures exist (Sun et al., 2008). As many companies are moving very fast to the adoption of E-learning in order to reap its benefits but they are facing significant barriers in its implementation and adoption, which leads them to implementation failure (Mungania, 2003). Hence, to mitigate this failure we have to investigate key factors that encompass different dimensions of an open, flexible and advanced distributed learning environment for diverse learners (Khan, 2005). Literature has mentioned a wide range of factors that can influence the successful implementation of E-learning e.g. some talks about pedagogical issues, faculty issues and organizational issues while some may have discussed about personal issues, cultural issues and some other issues. A broad range of factors that can influence the success of E-learning environments has been mentioned in the literature. However, there is no organized work to characterize collective group of most influential issues or factors, which could be seen as barriers Wong (2007). Distinct authors consider different barriers as most influential in implementation of E-learning Wong (2007). Wong (2007) has categorized E-learning limitations in three main areas; technological limitations, personal issues and other limitations. The lack of hardware, limited Internet coverage and low bandwidth are all consider as technological barriers in implementation of E- learning (Hiltz, 1997; Kathawala, Abdou, Elmulti, 2002; Wong, 2007). Kember et al., 2001; Dearnley, 2003) stated that personal issues are mostly related to learners and teachers. Teachers should give a complete guidance to the learners about this new and non-traditional system to prepare new learners psychologically (Wong, 2007 ; Kember et al., 2001; Dearnley, 2003). For learners the use of new technologies could be a disadvantage or barrier in E- learning. So the lack information, communication and technological skills might be barriers to E-learning because learners could get frustrated from this unconventional learning environment. (Wong, 2007 ; Carr, 1999; Hamid, 2002; Angelina, 2002a, p.12) The freedom provided by E-learning could be a disadvantage for the learners as internal motivation and self discipline is required at its maximum which learners may find hard to achieve in order to complete their studies or assignments in time. As (Wong, 2007 ; Kearsley, 2000) Schott et al., 2003; Rivera and Rice, 2002; Abouchedid and Eid, 2004).In E-learning environment students are usually supposed to communicate in a text based environment so learners poor writing ÂÂ ¨skills might be a disadvantage in E- learning. Therefore, the inability of communicating efficiently of learners could create misunderstandings (Wong, 2007; Smith Rupp, 2004). Others limitations: E-learning provides 247 access. This infinite work might be a disadvantage for learners and particularly for teachers. This unlimited work could over stress teachers, resulting in a low quality services from instructors. (Abdou Elmulti, 2002;. Dringus, 2003; Newton, 2003; Kathawala, Schifter, 2004).Poor course design could appear a major barrier in implementation of E-learning as it could frustrate the learners and teachers. (Young and Bal, 2003; Smulders, 2003; Howell, Williams Lindsay 2003; Gordon, Young Bal, 2003; Svensson, 2004; Ivergard Hunt, 2005 ;). Cronje (2009) sees some influential barriers such as student barriers are related to lack of financial support from their families and cooperation among peers and from teachers (Cronje, 2009; Galusha, 1997). Faculty barriers the lack of funds is the most important one. Institutes attitude towards the lecturers that some time seems less prominent among their peers is considered another important barrier in successful E-learning (Cronje, 2009; Galusha, 1997). Organizational barriers poor funding for three major costs areas are considered more crucial barriers e.g. Initial costs of the implementation process, maintenance and up gradation. Course barriers course design is regarded as most important one. Poor course design is one of reasons of inferiority of Distance learning. Conversion of teaching context in to electronic shape could not add any value to E-learning (Cronje, 2009; Galusha, 1997) Boondao et al. (2008) mentioned, It is not possible, in the view of some scholars, to create a model of the good teacher without taking issues of culture and context into account. The influence of culture cannot be ignored in successful implementation of E-learning. Considering learners from different culture e.g. east and west, learners from both cultures have particular approaches and styles of learning. Therefore, lack of consideration of cultural issues during designing could prove as a barrier in successful implementation of E-learning (Boondao et al, 2008). Discussing the different critical barriers Nowadays an escalating amount of companies are implementing E-learning System (Mungania, 2003). But as these companies try to take advantages of E-learning to gain strategic and competitive advantages in absolute urgency, there are significant number of barriers to the implementation of E-learning come across to halt them (Simmons, 2002, p.19 and Mungania, (2003). As E-learning barriers are diverse and can be classified as personal, organizational, situational, instructional and technological. (Mungania, 2003) Moreover Khans E-learning framework provides details on critical issues which may come across E-learning implementation process. Khans E-learning framework composed of eight dimensions: institutional, management, pedagogical, technological, interface design, ethical, evaluation, and resource support. Institutional Issues Institutions need to build a complete plan for the successful implementation of E learning system (Khan 2005, p.23). Moreover Childs et al (2005) stated that institution should focus on cultural aspects for the implementation process of E learning system which have a significant effect upon the success of E-learning process (Cronje, 2009).E-learning needs to be integrated to all departments of the institution therefore a strong commitment is needed from the institution and the trainers Childs et al (2005). Moreover, E-learning implementation plan must be fully aligned with the institutions ambitions and strategic plans (Galusha, 1997; Belanger and Jordan, 2000). Therefore E-learning implementation process is paradigm shift for the institution as a whole which includes learners, instructors, administrators, technical and other support services staff (Romiszowski, 2004). To support institutions in strategic planning, change management and process development which are necessary to highlight their embedding process and issues which may occur in their organization (Childs et al (2005) and Khan 2005,p.23). Khan has divided institution issue into three parts administrative affairs, academic affairs and student services (Khan 2005, p. 24). Administrative affairs which includes organization and change (implementation of E-learning system), budgeting and return on investment, course information catalog, financial aid, course schedule, tuition fees, registration and payment, information technology services, instructional design, whereas academic affairs issues such as policies, instructional quality, faculty and staff support, intellectual property rights and so on (Khan 2005, p. 24 ). Moreover Student services deals with student support services for E-learning effectiveness. Management issues Magalhaes (2008) stated that lack of management support is number one barrier towards successful implementation of E-learning system in institution. Management issues of E-learning in organization refers to various phases of administration such as scheduling, design, construction, assessment, delivery, and maintenance (Romiszowski 2003 and Parkham et al, 2004). Managing issues in organizations depend upon various elements including content delivery, and technology Trentin (2003). Khan (2005) also stated that for the success of E learning system institution must focus on three key areas people, process, and products involved in E-learning projects which depends upon integrated team approach (Jung, 2003).Critical management factors categorized by Khan (2005) are mentioned below: Technological Issues Technological limitations are among the major barriers for the success of E-learning system (Wong, 2007).Technological limitations of E-learning system relates to computer hardware, software and relevant resources (Wong, 2007).Connectivity problems, lack of training, navigation issues, limitations of 24/7 technical support, loss of data and incapability to save or transfer data are the most common technological limitations (Mungania, 2003). Usually small and medium enterprises fail to implement E-learning system due to lack of support in hardware and software (Sambrook, 2003;Wong, 2007).The technological issues can be divided into three parts infrastructure planning, hardware, and software (Kearsley, 2000; Rumble, 2000). Success of E learming system in organizations depends upon infrastructure planning which includes a well documented strategy, focusing on infrastructure. (McGraw, 2001; Romiszowski, 2004).As E-learning environment depends on digital infrastructure, there for institutions should have consistent and well-organized networks to support E-learning (khan 2005, p.154). Moreover institutions should develop policies and guidelines to cater various issues of hardware, software, and networks as institutions involved in implementation of E-learning may suffer. (Wong, 2007, Romiszowski, 2004) Learners require basic hardware for E-learning such as desktop or notebook computers and printers (Kathawala, Abdou, Elmulti, 2002;Hiltz, 1997, Wong, 2007). Therefore, one of the major technological limitations of E-learning is the availability of computer hardware (wong,2007). Major hardware limitations of E-learning system is the necessity of relevant resources which includes servers, modems, microphones, wireless devices, printers, scanners, computers, networking devices, cameras storage devices and other equipments. (Wong, 2007, Khan 2005, p.159) Institution experience similar problems such as software costs as well as software support cost, particularly for software licenses which acts as a significant barrier (khan 2005, p.159). Software includes word processors, databases, e-mail, presentation programs, reader software, browsers and plug-ins, spreadsheets, learning management systems (LMS), authoring tools and enterprise software and so on (LytasPauloudi,2001 and Khan 2005, p.159-160) Pedagogical Issues Success of E-learning systems implementation depends on the adherence to underlay pedagogical principles that are entrenched in the E-learning (Uhomoibhi, 2006). Pedagogical issues in E-learning are major challenges in distance education therefore a strong need of resources for development of the course material arises