The History of Efforts Towards Islam Ecumenism Essay Example for Free

The History of Efforts Towards Islam Ecumenism EssayThe discord betwixt the Shia and Sunni has a presbyopic and bloody history. The split between these sects was a product of a policy-making conflict which was exaggerated, if non baseless. It allowed the proliferation of wrongful assumptions which pass on been exploited and taken out of context. For example, the Shiites believe that Sunnis are enemies of the Ahl-e Bayt,the family of the prophet (Mazhari). On the other hand, the Sunnis believe that the Shiites regard the turn over day Quran has been tampered with (Mazhari) and that they abuse the companions of the prophet. While is true that there are Shiites who openly abuse the companions of the prophets, there number is relatively small. Also, Sunni scholars quote arguments from a long forgotten Shia groups which were known to uphold un- Islamic views (Mazhari). The issues couldve been easily resolved through a dialog between the leaders of these two sects and yet, over the centuries, no serious efforts were make to address these differences. The situation has worsened and the conflict between Shia-Sunni extremist forces has become so severe that many ordinary Muslims have expressed anger and alarm clock against suicide bombers and terrorist acts.In a paper (Rahim) written after the November 18, 2005 bombing of mosques in Eastern Iraq, an imam was quoted speaking these words I have verbalize this before and I say it again, the imam said, his voice trembling with anger. The suicide bombers and their planners are murderers, not martyrs. They are the real enemies of Islam. We must confront and defeat them, wherever they may lurk. The quarrel between Sunnism and Shiism is more than just a debate on what is true Islam. In several countries such as Iran and Iraq, it has become a jihad, a holy war destroying the lives and futures of the very population they are part of.At present, there is now a resounding wawl for intrafaith harmony a dialogue betwe en the Shiites and Sunnis so as to allow better understanding between these two sects and ensure respect and peaceful coexistence. The beginning of efforts to resolve Sunni-Shia dislike While the idea of Islam ecumenism is a new one, there were already efforts to resolve the Sunni-Shiite conflict in the past, though these were not widespread. A highlight in Islamic history is the victory of the Shah Ismail in Tabriz in 1501.With the ascension of the Safavids to power, Shiism became the official sect in a largely Sunni country. For Iran, this was the first time that Shiite leaders could unionize without repression from their Sunni counterparts. Because of this move, Shiite leaders developed into an educated class and have accepted the use of reason in the process of evaluating the traditions and in jurisprudence (R. Brunner 28). The Shiite clergy began to consider their political interests when confronting with representatives of twain Shiism and Sunnism.The first attempt at forma l dialogue between Sunni and Shiite leaders happened in fourth and fifth decades in the 18th century, following the defeat of the Safavids to Afghanistani invaders (R. Brunner 28). In the meeting convened by Nadir Shah and culminated on December 1743 (R. Brunner 31), it was reported that a considerable number of scholars from two sects were present. Some of the topics discussed involved the legitimacy of the detect of the first caliphs, and the issues surrounding the prophets companions and temporary marriage.The meeting produced a written accord which obliged the Shiite scholars from performing activities which the Sunnis may find offensive. Unfortunately, scholars from both sects were not yet mentally ready to maintain peace and the accord failed to fulfill its function after Nadir Shahs death in 1747. Repeated clashes and outbreaks of forcefulness between the Sunnis and Shiites soon commenced. While the first official agreement for Islam ecumenism was a failure, this was not an indication that there is no hope for peace between the warring sects.The re-emergence of pan-Islamic tendencies happened in the later part of the 19th century, after the spreading European colonialism (R. Brunner 34). During this time, activists of Islamic descent called on the Muslim community to unite and develop against a common enemy. In order to overcome the dominance of European culture and assert the uniqueness of the Islamic world, activists such as Jamal al-Din al-Afghani and Muhammad Abduh called on Muslimsto bound on the virtues of unity and cooperationthe around powerful pillars of Muhammadan denomination (R.Brunner 35). Unfortunately at this time, universal dialogue was still non-existent, and there was no mention of rapprochement between the Sunnis and Shiites. As a matter of fact, there was no mention of the two denominations by name since activists preferred to stress their common op gravel to British politics (R. Brunner 35). One scholar who is notable for mak ing leading the first efforts towards dialogue and Islam ecumenism is the Sunni Muhammad Rashid Rida (R. Brunner 40).He called for the revival of true Islam through the adaptation of Islamic law to modern needs and its reinterpretation for Islamic jurisprudence. Unlike al-Afghani and Abduh, Rida recognized that the mutual aversion and distance between the two sects were a mistake. He called for a integrate language and the creation of an Islamic society in Mecca which consisted of both Shiites and Sunnis. The recognition of the Azhar University as highest Islamic institution in Egypt also helped spread the move towards Islam ecumenism.It served both a a Sunni and Shiite authority in Egypt when it created the Council Supreme ulema which was commissioned by law to oversee the religious standards of all other Egyptian ulama and use disciplinary means to enforce their decisions (R. Brunner 48). With the success of the Azhar in Egypt came the call for the revision of the educational sys tem in Iran. Alim Asad Allah Mamaqani and Muhsin Shahara believed that by adapting the reforms made by Azhar in train young theologians Najaf can also master the prevailing chaos (R. Brunner 49) in the country.If there was one scholar who created the greatest impact to Islam ecumenism, then it would be Muhammad Rashid Rida. From his philosophical system came a need for greater understanding of Islam and a move towards modernization. As a matter of fact, a secret society headed by Mirza Mohammad Baqer Bawanati was setup to pull ahead rapprochement among Islam, Christianity and Judaism (R. Brunner 38). As early as 1986, leaders of different religions in the world were already meeting with the Pope John Paul II, with the Catholic pope being the spokesman and central figure in these gatherings (Veith).These meetings hosted by the Pope showed the world that peace among religions is not impossible, and that peace between the Shia and Sunni sects of Islam is still within reach. Main Ins titutions and Personalities and their theatrical role to Islamic Ecumenism It was in the Safavid Empire when openings for dialogue took place. It was when Ismail Safavi made a religious edict to make Shiism as official state religion amidst a dominantly Sunni population. By force and violence, Sunnis were compelled to convert until the Sunnis turned from majority to minority by the end of the 18th century.Although there was an element of repression involved, the discourse on Sunni and Shiite theology was pursue with the intention of converting Sunnis by giving little concessions here and there (Brunner, 2004). A major contributor to Islamic unity in history is Sharaf al-din. He is a Shiite whose correspondence with Shaykh Salim al-Bishri, who is the chief of al-Azhar Mosque which was eventually published in a book Murajaat provided the foundations of Muslim Unity.Sharaf al-din also published works for uniting the Ummah where he tackled the various issues that keep open Shiis and Sunnis from uniting. perhaps one of his major moves in the direction of unity is on coordinating the 12th of Rabi al-Awal to commemorate Muhammads birthday rather than the 17th so that it can be celebrated together with Sunni Muslims (Brunner, 2004). The Taqrib Movement from 1947 to 1960 which literally means to bring together is also instrumental in paving the way towards the institutionalization of the ecumenical dialogue.This coincided with the effort from different countries to form an International Muslim Brotherhood. Eventually pan Islamic associations and other scholars joined the effort culminating into the Muslim World Congress in 1949 (Brunner, 2004). A pivotal moment in Islamic solidarity happened during the Islamic Revolution led by Ayatollah Khomeini. For one, he was able to neutralize the historical enmity between the Sunnis and Shiites by focusing on a single enemy which was the United States.Khomeini also bridged the division between Shiites and Sunnis by permitting Twelvers to pray behind Sunni imams while at the same time forbidding the criticism against the Caliphs who ruled before Ali (Khan). There are other prominent figures in the ecumenical movement such as Muhammad Jawad Mughniyya who advocated for Arab and Muslim unity and supported the Islamic revolution. Together with Khomeini, they were able to merge religious and political emancipation in a single movement (Mallat, 2003). celebrated also is the contribution of Shaykh Ma? mud Shaltut (1893-1963) in the history and contribution of Al-Azhar. He can be credited as a major entrance to Al-Azhars openness, liberalism and ecumenical spirit. He is one of the first to teach Shia teaching in a Sunni institution teaching the Twelver of Shia Islam alongside four Sunni madhhabs (traditions of jurisprudence) (Brunner, 2004). Perhaps one the most influential institution that is paving the way for greater ecumenical dialogue and Islamic unity is Cairos Al-Azhar University.Considered as the most c redible center of Sunni Scholarship, it is now propagating a reconciliatory stance that is aimed at mutual respect and understanding. The Al-Azhar Verdict (fatwa) on the Shia is considered to be a landmark position. To wit 1) Islam does not require a Muslim to follow a particular Madhhab (school of thought). Rather, we say every Muslim has the right to follow one of the schools of thought which has been correctly narrated and its verdicts have been compiled in its books.And, everyone who is following such Madhahib schools of thought can transfer to another school, and there shall be no crime on him for doing so. 2) The Jafari school of thought, which is also known as al-Shia al- Imamiyyah al-Ithna Ashariyyah (i. e. , The Twelver Imami Shiites) is a school of thought that is religiously correct to follow in worship as are other Sunni schools of thought. (Al-Azhar) This position that recognizes the validity of Shia doctrine is a radical position that can really ease the historical ten sions between the two denominations.The International Islamic Conference in Ammam (Landau) also issued the same position convening 200 Islamic scholars who all unanimously voted to recognize all 8 schools of Islam as having their own validity. Moreover they prohibited all Muslims from different denominations to call each other heretics or apostates while exposing what they see as ignorant edicts issues falsely in the name of Islam. On December 2005, the Amman Conference bid was adopted by the Organization of Islamic Conference Summit in Mecca providing a clear legitimacy and thrust towards Muslim Solidarity.Eventually six other international Islamic scholarly assemblies adopted this position making a clear and distinct position for Muslim pluralism (Statement of the International Islamic Conference in Amman). Abdul Malik Mujahid is a modern day figure in Islamic ecumenism who is calling on all the Muslim world to unite and giving concrete and workable steps towards unity. He argues the principle of no compulsion in matters of faith (Quran 2256) as well as he gives persuasive points in history as well as in actual practice (Mujahid).

Timing of the Emancipation Proclamation Essay Example for Free

Timing of the Emancipation Proclamation EssayAbraham capital of Nebraska is considered today, to be one of the best presidents of the United States. However he was despised by many at the age of his election. When he was elected a number of states in the south insisted that they would not be governed by him and wanted to secede. By the time he of his inauguration seven states had already seceded with four more following shortly after. The Confederates seceded because they feared that break ones backry would be ended, and they felt it was too important to their economy. Their actions are noneffervescent considered to be too severe because although Lincoln was against slavery, he was not prepared to take any direct action to stop it. He believed that if he halt to spread of slavery then it would die out in the far future. He also believed the slaves did not believe to become American citizen and should be shipped bear out to Africa after they gained freedom.Abraham Lincoln sa id he only cared about preserving the United States of America and joining the Confederacy back to the totality. Lincoln saw Fort Sumter as the perfect opportunity to bait the Confederates into war. Fort Sumter was a Union fort in South Carolina, and President Lincoln decided to send supplies there, knowing it would hard-pressed the Confederates because it shows that the union had no plans of giving it up. The Confederates respond by firing on the fort for thirty-three hours and completely destroyed it, yet not killing anyone. This is considered the kickoff battle in the Civil War and what started the fighting. The Union people thought that it would be an easy win for them but the Confederates comes strong out of the gate. The Union was try with finding a general that could create the winning formula. The Union lost some key battles early on however it filled them with passion and make them hungry for victory. Eventually Ulysses S. Grant took the reins and the Union went on to victory.Abraham Lincoln started his presidency with no plans to directly end slavery, and the war started with the sole intention of restoring the Union. He stated My paramount objective is to save the union and is not either to save or destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it and if I could save it by freeing some and expiration others alone I would also do that (Roark 369). However as the war went on it evolved and became a fight for the freedom of the slaves. Lincoln wanted to free the slaves immediately, but there were still slave states left in the Union and if he had done anything like that they might secede too, and if he lost them he knew he could lose the war. Therefore he had to wait for the justifiedly time to declare any end of slavery.On January 1st of 1863 he decided that time was right and issued The Emancipation Proclamation which gave freedom to all the slave s in the rebelling states. Also to help keep the slave states in the Union he exempted that from the proclamation. Since the Confederation did not inclination under the Union, the proclamation depended on victory for the Union. The Times in London was quoted saying Where he has no position Mr. Lincoln will set the negroes free, where retains power he will consider them as slaves (Roark 370). While it may appear as if they are right the thought was that as they passed invaded confederate lands and captured them they slaves would gain freedom. Lincoln waited before proclaiming emancipation this because he needed to prove his worth to the Upper South. Had he passed it earlier they would have seceded and it would have been a major loss to the Union army.

A Look At St Michael The Archangel

A Look At St Michael The ArchangelThe Holy Scriptures often babble of created intelligences, other than pityings, who worship beau ideal in enlightenment and act as His messengers and agents on earth (The Vatican). These beings atomic number 18 known as angels. Angels are mentioned in the book of account when they deliver messages, or appear in humans dreams. Gabriel is the angel who appears most to humans. Michael is called an archangel and a spirit prince. (Students Life Application Bible, Daniel 1013, 31). The archangel Michael is as well a saint and is revered world-wide.What is an angel? The Vatican describes them as spectral, non-corporeal beings (The Vatican). This implies that angels are something altogether separate from human beings. But, angels are also blessed with free will. Angels have a choice whether to follow God or not. God at the beginning of measure created from nothing both creatures together, the spiritual and the corporeal, that is, the angelic and the earthly, and thus He created human nature as having both, since it is made up of spirit and of body (The Vatican). Angels then, do not have bodies and are just spirits. They can take the form of a human, as they often do when they are mentioned in the Bible. But it is not a true body like ours. Humans are both spiritual and corporeal. We have a body and we have a soul. Angels live in heaven with God and according to St. Augustine, always behold the face of my Father who is in heaven. St. Michael is called an archangel, where does this place him? There are classes of angels, according to Pope Gregory 1. This is the order he believed was to be the order of angels from highest rank to lowest Seraphim, Cherubim, Thrones, Dominions, Principalities, Powers, Virtues, Archangels and Angels. This points out that angels are actually are on the lowest scale of the celestial hierarchy. Even Michael, who is an archangel, is not one of the higher ranks of angels. But, we do not hear of any types of angels specifically except for the four, or sometimes seven archangels. The four archangels are Michael, Gabriel, Raphael, and Uriel. (Michael and All Angels) According to the Bible, an angel spoke, I am Raphael, one of the seven angels who stand ready and enter in the beginning the glory of the Lord. In Enoch 20, the seven archangels are listed. And these are the names of the dedicated angels who watch 1. Uriel, one of the holy angels, who is over the world and over Tartarus. 2. Raphael, one of the holy angels, who is over the spirits of men. 3. Raguel, one of the holy angels who takes vengeance on the world of the luminaries. 4. Michael, one of the holy angels, to wit, he that is deposit over the best part of reality and over chaos. 5. Saraql, one of the holy angels, who is set over the spirits, who sin in the spirit. 6. Gabriel, one of the holy angels, who is over Paradise and the serpents and the Cherubim. 7. Remiel, one of the holy angels, whom God set over those who rise . It is often said that these angels are associated with planets of the Solar system and specifically, Michael is paired with Saturn. (Michael and all Angels).Michael the Archangel is mentioned only four times in the Bible. He is mentioned in Revelations Then in that location was war in heaven. Michael and his angels fought against the dragon and his angels. And the dragon lost the battle and he and his angels were forced out of heaven. This gives us the image that Michael is the one who physically throws Satan out of heaven, though it was God who banished him. Daniel states, But the prince of the kingdom of Persia opposed me twenty-one days. So Michael, one of the chief princes, came to help me, and I left him there with the prince of the kingdom of Persia.There is no one with me who contends against these princes except Michael, your prince (Daniel 2113,21). Michael is twice called a prince in these Bible verses. This gives us an image of Michael being exulted over others in heav en and on earth. This is true, he is one of the beloved angels and he is worshipped on earth as well. According to research, Michael is also mentioned again in Daniel At that time Michael, the great prince, the protector of your people, shall arise. (Daniel 121). As you can see, in many of these Bible verses Michael is called a spirit prince, prince, protector of the people. Michael, in a way, is a prince. He fights for the protection of the reign of God, and he helps humans in their times of need.I admire St. Michael the Archangel because he is willing to risk everything for his Lord. Even though God does not like killing and war, he has a heavenly army and Michael is its commander. Michael fights for the one true thing he believes in. He is someone I would calculate to be like.

Risk Identification In Water Treatment Plant Projects Construction Essay

Risk Identification In water system Treatment Plant looks Construction EssayProjects tidy sum blend in for a number of reasons and the insecuritys ar always high. All visualise, program, and portfolio are subject to stake, whether overbearing or negative take a chances. The aim is to decrease negative risks and enhance positive risks.Managing risks is one of the most master(prenominal) tasks for the construction indus submit as it directly affects childbed outcomes. Unfortunately, m all organizations do non realize that there is a remove to include risk management as a key element to success in business. Hence, some(prenominal) organizations delegate the risk management tasks leaving to soulfulness to needs to plan, identify, assess, develop response plans, and control risks or do just take time off/ realms of the risk answeres. It is not integrated into their project management philosophy.Project risk management has been intensively discussed in recent years. Proje cts are becoming shared efforts of multiple parties construction industry is a good example of an area, where the project outcome is delivered in an extremely complex actor network. This paper discuss identified the common and specific risks that may lapse in the infrastructure projects especially in the urine manipulation plant projects in Egypt then we make initial assessment to these risks through a questionnaire was designed using the matrix regularity then we make analyzing of the responses of this questionnaire.IntroductionThis paper is foc workd only on the qualitative assessment of the risks. We use the matrix method for the assessment of these risks.Responses to the questionnaire were then lay in and analyzed. The analysis included ranking the risks in terms of degree of occurrence (probability) (v.high, high, med, low, real low) the level of influences (impact) (v.high, high, med, low, very low) as the following matricesA habitual wet supply system is composed of wet sources, raw water transmission pipes, water treatment plants, and water distribution networks. However, these components and subsystems give the greatest opportunities for both native and human-related influences because most of them are spatially diverse and price of admissionible. With respect to this, researchers redeem identified the potential vulnerable areas during the process of delivering water from the sources to the customers as (see Figure 1) (1) water sources (e.g., river, reservoir, and wells) (2) water treatment plant that removes impurities and harmful agents and makes water suitable for domestic consumption and other uses which consists of Screen, Mixing tank, Flocculation basin, Settling tank, Sand filter, Disinfection (3) water distribution pipelines that deliver scant(p) water on demand to homes, commercial establishments, and industries which consists of pipes, pumps, junctions/nodes, fitting (4) storages (tanks water towers) and (5) other faciliti es (transmission pipes, channels, pumps, valves, etc.).These vulnerable points are the focus of risk assessment.Figure 1 Elements and vulnerable points in a general water supply systemQUANTITY REQUIREMENTSFactors affecting used Consider the following factors affecting use ashore* Water uses (domestic, industrial, prove protection)* Peak demands (all uses).* Other essential demands.* Missions of the activity.* Climatic effects.Water treatment plantWater treatment plant is the most of import facility in a water supply system to remove contaminants in raw water, disinfect treated water, and produce drinkable water to consumers. However, hazards may be introduced during the process of treatment, or hazardous circumstances may allow contaminants to flow through treatment in significant concentrations.Constituents of drinkable water can be introduced through the treatment process, including chemical additives used in the treatment process or products in contact with water. Furthermore, suboptimal filtration following filter backwashing can lead to the introduction of pathogens into the distribution system. triplet attributes are crucial to water users* There must be adequate quantities of water on demand.* It must be delivered at sufficient pressure.* It must be safe to use.In our paper we go out focus on the Water treatment plant in the water supply system which considers an important part in the water supply system. We exit discuss the risks may occur in the projects we will make an initial assessment to these risks but at the root word we will give overview of risk management in the construction projects specially the infrastructure projects which owned by the establishment, we will discuss the risks from the view of contractor.Research methodologyA questionnaire was designed for assessment for all possible risks that may occur in the water treatment plant projects in EGYPT which some of these risks are general risks that may happen in all infrastructu re projects and some are specific risks for the water treatment plant projects through the construction operation mannequin as discussed previous in the stage of risks identification then forward to some of managers in. This paper is focused only on the qualitative assessment of the risks. We use the matrix method for the assessment of these risks.Responses to the questionnaire were then collected and analyzed. The analysis included ranking the risks in terms of degree of occurrence (probability) (v. high, high, med, low, very low) the level of influences (impact) (v. high, high, med, low, very low) as the following matrices1- Identification of risksCategories of risks for infrastructure and service delivery projects1-Political risksPolitical risks are the first category of risks identified. It contains all the risks of government actions that may endanger a project.1-1 Political instigate risksHost government support is essential for all infrastructure projects (ex governmen t support for the owner disputes on land)1-2 Taxation risksTaxation risks mat raises of tax rate, or apply new tax tariffs, which, may lead to decrease the promoter profit and unbalanced project cash flow.1-3 Import/ merchandise restrictions riskThe import and export restriction risk covers the legislation changes, which arrange the import of the equipment.1-4 Failure to obtain approvals.Failure to obtain approval risk occurs when the important or local government authority does not approve the project-related issues in time or even cancels the ones already approved. Obtaining approvals for a project from complex weather vane of government agencies and departments, from municipal to provincial to central government levels, can be extremely time-consuming process, decelerateing entire projects and hurting their financial viability.2-Financial risksThe risk that the financiers will not provide or continue to provide funding to the project2-1 cargo holded Payment by the government Payments on time are considered extremely important by the contractors maintain the cash flow and hand financial difficulties . Delayed payment will influence the financial situation of the contractor, especially if the due payment is substantial and or delayed for along time.2-2 Changes in law regulationLocal authorities and government have specific codes and regulations that might be changed or revised from time to time. These regulations must be adhered to by contactors. But this has low probability to occurrence in our project because it is owned by the government.2-3 Inflation risksThis risk category mainly depends on the economic conditions of the country. As the inflation increases this risk becomes more important.2-4 Interest rate changes.2-5 Devaluation risks.2-6 Financial miseryFinancial failure of any party (contractor or owner) wills significant impact the projects schedule and consequently the budget. This is more likely happen in big projects where the owner (gove rnment) might not have sufficient fund for the project or the contractor bids low on the project.3- Development risksDevelopment risks describes the risk of the bidding procedures, which are very important part of the project, the bid evaluation criteria must be clearly defined and the bids must be evaluated in a public and objective manner, the chances for success are predictable.The hawkish bidding systems usually lead to terms and conditions more favorable to the national interest. An orderly and transparent bidding procedure should also win public support for that project which can solve the problems that face the contractor such as land owner disputes.3-1 Bidding risksThe bidding process in Egypt includes the following risks, which can face the contactor contractor spend high cost for the preparation of the feasibility studies, investigation, design, planning and estimation of the project to be able to tender. Contractor warred about the risks of their advanced(a) proposals b eing put out to competitive tender without gaining exclusivity or preferential treatment from other competitors.3-2 Planning delayThe planning delay risks refer to the delay of the tender evaluation by the government officials whom responsible to do such task.3-3 Approval risksDelays in approval risk appear when the central of local government authority does not approve the project-related issues in time. Obtaining approvals for a project from complex web of government agencies and departments, from municipal to provincial to central government levels, can be extremely time-consuming process, delaying entire projects and hurting their financial viability.3-4 Force majeure riskForce majeure risk is the risk that a specified event entirely away(p) the control of either party will occur and will result in a delay or default by the contractor in the performance of its contractual obligations. for example cyclone, earthquake, outbreak of war.4-Site riskSite risk is the risk that the pro ject land will be unavailable or unable(p) to be used at the required time because of Land owner disputes that the site will generate unanticipated liabilities, with the result that the service delivery and revenues are adversely affected.4-1 Site accessThis risk category refers to the right of way and access to the project site. This an important category especially if the project is in a remote or undeveloped area or where access is limited to small trucks where life-size construction tools like big trucks and loaders cannot get into the project site. Also, this important when the project is located in a very congested area or access to other facilities and public areas need to be blocked or detoured in some stages of the project.4-2 Statutory approvals.4-3 Environmental issues4-4 differing site conditionThis is a clear risk category and could happen in most of construction projects. For good example the soil conditions changes and the contractor might face or hard soil during excavation instead of soft soil as the top layer at the site showed or as the tender document may have indicated. Another example is underground buried utility piping, power cables and high water table area. These types of differing site conditions occur mostly in renovation and /or expansion of existing projects where new construction interface with the existing structures. These differing site conditions will require extra efforts and may necessitate special equipment and tools for excavation and/or de-watering.4-5 Suitability of the site and any existing infrastructureMeans existing of any underground infrastructures (e.g. sewage pipes)5- Construction risksConstruction risks are the identified risk category which contains the risks faced the project during the construction phase which can be highly affect on the project cost and in turn the investment needs to complete the project. It can be endanger to the feasibility of the project.5-1 Delay risksDelay risk means delay in the c onstruction time schedule which, can be occur due to poor project management applied or due to bad cost estimation, which lead to financial failure.5-2 Cost overrun risksCost overrun risk occur when construction costs legislate original estimates, either due to inflation, non realistic cost estimation, excessive design changes or inadequacy of risk management framework.5-3 Re performance riskRe performance risk is occurred due to reconstruct or maintains the bad work done by unqualified contractor.5-4 Completion riskCompletion risk refers to the non-completion of the project due to effect of get majeure or unforeseen soil conditions.5-5 Variation risksA change in work is an important risk category in the construction projects. It could be change in work procedures, methodology o change of plans and scope of work. These changes might lead to change orders demolitions and re-working and must be considered in the assessments of risks because they affect the project budget, schedule, safety and role.Normally changes in work result because of insufficient planning at the project definition stage or because of lack of clear scope and drawing detail or simply because the owner s desire to make changes to the project.5-6 bolshy or damage to workLoss or damage to work risks rises by the unforeseen soil conditions or breakdown of equipment, which are common occurrences on any construction site, especially for large civil engineering projects. Usually, these will have repercussion on cost and time but the effects are usually surmountable with today s technology.5-7 Force majeure riskForce majeure risk is the risk that a specified event entirely outside the control of either party will occur and will result in a delay or default by the contractor in the performance of its contractual obligations during the construction stopover. For example, earthquake, outbreak of war.5-8 Mistakes in installation of pipes.5-9 Mistakes in installation valves of pipes.5-10 The permea bility of the reservoir during a test.5-11 wear upon equipment availabilityThis risk category is mainly related to the availability of some of the resources namely, exertion, secular and equipment. Certain jobs may require specific skilled expertise and /or special existent and equipment that might not available or scarce in the local market and take a long time to procure. For example a skilled a qualified welder or special lifting and fitting of some heavy structure that may require crane capacity or piece of equipment that is not available in the local market may force the contractor to hire a certain skilled restriction and import the special piece of the equipment or change the construction method to suit. This is more likely to happen in complex major projects or projects involving some degree of high technological complexity like water treatment plant project.5-12 Labor equipment productivityLike the previous risk category, certain jobs involving the productivity of p resss and equipment might be affected because of the complexity of jobs or the nature of the work. if this not routine, then the labor and/or the equipment operator need to go through a learning curve. Another example that might affect labor and equipment productivity is the morale of the labor and the use of defective tools and equipment.5-13 defective materialMaterial is essential resource for construction projects and there is need for quality control and quality assurance to eliminate material replacement and re-work. this risk category becomes more important for lump sum contracts if the specifications were not well defined.5-14 labor disputesThis is more likely to happen in large companies where the work forces are multinationals who come from different countries with different background or where the relationships between management and workforce are tense. Usually any labor dispute is either resolved internally or by the local authorities and police.5-15 Safety accidentSafe ty and accidents in construction projects can not overlooked, especially when the projects involves deep excavation or high elevation construction. The risk category is inherited in the construction industry but can be minimized by following safety rules and the use of safety equipment such as goggles, safety hats and shoes.5-16 Coordination with sub. ContractorCoordination with sub-contractors and material suppliers is an important task especially in a multi-player environment like big construction projects. Beside it could be risky if not kept smooth, in a timely manner and continuous. Miss-coordination between subcontractors and material suppliers (especially for long lead items) will lead to schedule and budget overruns.5-17 Quality of workQuality of work would reflect the reputation of the contractor and might either rank him on the top of contractors or force him out of the market. Generally, owners (government) strive to get a quality end product by their project and contract ors try their best to deliver quality projects. However poor workmanship that leads to demolition and rework will negatively impact the project budget and schedule. Also, interior quality of work will reflect the bad reputation of the contractor.Good quality and assurance programs will helps reduce the negative effects of this category.6- Operation risksOperation risk describes the category of risks faced the project during the guarantee period of the facilities, which starts after project completion continued for one year such as equipment breakdown or the discovery of defects in the work which may hinder the revenue generating capability.6-1 Technical risksThe breakdown of equipment or failures of any part of the project which are common occurrences on any project, Usually, these will have repercussions on cost and time but effects are usually surmountable with today s technology.6-2 Corruption riskIt the risk of occurrence of failure or breakdown in any part of the water treatme nt plant, e.g.(breakdown of the pipes, or failure of tanks in the system) during the guarantee period of the project.6-4 Force majeure riskForce majeure is the risk that a specified event entirely outside the control of either party will occur and will result in a delay or default by the contractor in the performance of its contractual obligations during the operation period. For example cyclone, earthquake, outbreak of war.Water treatment plantWater treatment plant is the most important facility in a water supply system to remove Contaminants in raw water, disinfect treated water, and produce drinkable water to consumers.However, hazards may be introduced during the process of treatment, or hazardous circumstancesMay allow contaminants to pass through treatment in significant concentrations. Constituents of drinkable water can be introduced through the treatment process, including chemical additives used in the treatment process or products in contact with water. Furthermore, subop timal filtration following filter backwashing can lead to the introduction of pathogens into the distribution system. Meanwhile extreme natural hazards, willful human attacks, or interdependency failures (e.g., power failures) can all introduce risks in water treatment process.CONCLUSIONSBased on the results analysis of the risks discussed in the previous, the following conclusions were reachedFrom the analysis of the hexad risk categories depended on the questionnaire received from five managers in the Arab company, our conclusions were as follow* The most critical risks in the political risks were the import export restriction failure to obtain approval, the lowest critical risks were taxation risks.* The most critical risks in the financial risks were the devaluation risks payment failure. the lowest critical risks inflation risks.* The most critical risks in the development risks were the bidding risks the lowest critical risks force majeure risks.* The most critical ris ks in the site risks were the differing site condition risks the lowest critical risks site access risks.* The most critical risks in the construction risks were the cost overrun risks coordination between the subcontractor the lowest critical risks force majeure some risks discussed in the matrix.* The most critical risks in the operation risks were the force majeure risks the lowest critical risks technical risks.* At all the most critical risks category in the construction risks category.REFERENCES1. Risk management of the BOT projects in Egypt. by Ibrahim Ahmed Ibrahim Hara Faculty of engineering at Cairo University.2. http//www.google.com.eg/search?hl=arq=2ech10_riskbtnG=%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AB+Google%E2%80%8Fmeta=aq=f oq=3. http//www.google.com.eg/search?hl=arq=LECTURE+11+RISK+ guidancebtnG=%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AB%21meta=4. Hierarchical Risk Assessment of WaterSupply SystemsHuipeng LiSubmitted for the Degree ofDoctor of Philosophy fromLoughborough University5. ASSESSMENT OF RISK MA NAGEMENT PERCEPTION AND PRACTICES OF CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTOR IN SAUDI ARABIA.BY ALI ABDULLAH AL SALMAN.APPENDIXES