Haven't decide it yet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Haven't decide it yet - Essay Example Convergence in the world of media is about having a collusion between two or more businesses that uses the Internet as a medium in order to attract more consumers to patronize their products and services. By increasing the scope of the services a telecommunication is offering its target consumers, the company is creating competitive advantages against its competetitors. relationship into the practice of franchising within the same company. In the book of Henry Jenkins entitled â€Å"Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide†, the author discussed convergence as a cultural process that integrates the use of images, sounds, brands, and business relationship among the different media system. Considering the fact that the business relationship among the different types of media system is being integrated, this study will conduct a primary and secondary research to examine and determine how it is possible to franchise media in a telecommunication company. The total number of Internet users in the United States has reached 427,569,939 or 46.1% of America’s total population as of 2009 (Internet World Stats). Because of the continuously increasing number of Internet users all over the world, the existence of the Internet has been classified by Jenkins as an â€Å"active medium† (Jenkins, Confessions of an Aca-Fan). In the absence of integrating the telecommunication services with the access to the Internet, the presence of the mobile phones are considered a â€Å"passive medium† (ibid). Based on the recent Internet World Stats report, the total number of Internet mobile broadband subscribers in the U.S. market has reached a total of 69,902,289 as of the end of second quarter of 2009 (Internet World Stats). In line with this, the 0.92% increase in the total number of mobile broadband users signifies the need for telecommunication companies to keep on improving the mobile services they render to the public. Convergence in media is referring to the

Create a staffing plan for a job position Essay

Create a staffing plan for a job position - Essay Example o assist the patients in taking the healthy intake and treat their illnesses by fulfilling any nutritional deficiencies that might occur in their bodies. Normally, the nutritionists are required 24 hours a day, all days a week, but surely the work schedules correspond to the different shifts as per schedule. Some of the issues arising from a full time job are the hectic and painful schedule of meeting the timely meal requirements of the patients, the vigilance required in the process throughout in supervising and also in the planning process. Besides, all the staff should be provided with adequate training; the job not only requires the nutritionist related skill but management skills are also important as the nature of the job is such that it requires managing the people including the chef, the kitchen people and also dealing with the purchasing agents for the required accessories and components of the meal for the patients. The working conditions for nutritionists are usually in pleasant surroundings. They might be sometimes expected to work in kitchens that may be steamy, might occasionally require them to be on their feet for extended periods of time. They work in offices, hospital kitchens, or college classrooms. They come into contact with other professional people as well as with kitchen personnel, clerical staff, students, patients, and a wide variety of other people. They should have management ability, an aptitude for science, good health, imagination, and the ability to get along well with others.2 The job of the nutritionist includes first identifying the nutritional status of each patient by gathering the subjective information the patients’ records, their attendants or the guardians. They also counsel their subjects about their nutritional needs and provide them with information that can help them prevent their current problems and in future also avoid the medical problems that they have. Another part of their job is to train and conduct

Assignment for Art Humanities class Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

For Art Humanities class - Assignment Example Other images show kissing between married people as unclean, even when legalized by the matrimony. Though kissing can have other meanings, such as the kiss of peace and the mythical kiss, the Church related kissing to immorality because of its physical gratification aspect. The author presents a compelling argument regarding the treatment of desire in the medieval times. His use of descriptive language specifically helped understand the meaning of kissing images in art and literature. His analyses offer insight on how the Church used the dichotomy between right/wrong, and spirit/body, to further divide the male and female gender and ascribe inferiority to the latter. Thus, kissing has been connected to sin, where the female sex invokes sin among men. This shows that women were characterized as temptresses, whose whorish abilities must be controlled and fought. The Production of the Orient in Said’s â€Å"Orientalism† In â€Å"Orientalism,† Said argues that the Or ient is a product of European imagination and demand for domination through imperialism. He stresses that Europe gains from defining the Orient as â€Å"the Other† because it justifies its control over its people and resources. Furthermore, when Said talks of Orientalist discourse, he pertains to socio-economic and political institutions that reinforce Eurocentricism. Orientalist discourse is not about the Orient as its natives believe it to be, but how Britain, France, and America want to see and discuss the Orient. The difference between what is and what the powers want something to be is related to Camille’s analysis of the Kiss. The Church thinks that the Kiss is inherently evil because of its sexual consequences. In the same line of thinking, Said sees Orientalism as man-made, specifically, produced by imperialist rulers. They manufactured Orientalism for their own purposes, in the same way that the Church generates images of the kiss for its own intentions. The C hurch and the white empires both want to control people through their literature and arts. They similarly impose their will on the powerless, so that the former can maintain and expand their powers. Like Camille, Said performs a visual analysis on Orientalist literature. These images indicate the loss of the Orient to the much more powerful and superior West. Thus, Said argues that the West did not only control the Orient through its political structures, but more so, through shaping its cultural norms and symbols. Not Fury, but Calmness in Freud’s â€Å"The Moses of Michelangelo† In Totem, Taboo, and other Works, Freud interprets the Moses statue of Michelangelo in his essay, â€Å"The Moses of Michelangelo.† He disregards common artistic interpretations that Moses is about to spring into action and the tablets are almost slipping from his left hand. Instead, he believes more in the analysis of Thode, that by virtue of Moses’s position in an array of scu lptures and the actual muscle tensions in his body, Moses is in a state of perpetual wrath, but not ready to perform any immediate action. Freud thinks that Moses is not preserved for a historical event, but as a character whose experiences have aroused inner feelings of anger and

Theology Reflections Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Theology Reflections Paper - Essay Example According to the bible, Jesus said that He could come back at the end of this generation and resurrect all people, both the righteous and the evil doers (John 5:29; Acts 24:15). This is the Day of Judgment. There is more stress in the bible regarding everybody; both the dead and alive will be alive when Jesus returns will all be judged. Judgment will not only include individuals but also the nations (Matt 25:32). Paul also talks about those who will be judged. He says no one will be spared in the final day when Christ returns (Rom2:6-9). Many Christians hold a view that judgment is for the nonbelievers. This is a wrong view according to the teaching of Paul. Paul explains that God will put his people to judgment. He further says that, during this day, all people will line up to receive their dues for their good and bad deeds (2 Cor 5:10; cf. Rom14:10). Those who believe in Christ and make a union with him will be relieved off the judgment. Jesus said that those who hear his word and follow his ways will not come to judgment in the last day. They will instead have eternal life (John 5:24). Jesus further says that those who know his word and do as the will of God says will be punished. This was said in reference to the slaves who did not do as their master wanted; they are to receive severer beating (Luke 12:47-48). Form the text about judgment; it is revealed that all people will be judged regardless of their social, spiritual or religious roles. As a Christian, I should always aim to do good at all time since the judgment day will spare none. From this, I learn that I should take be accountable for every action I take. Further lessons from judgment teach us not judge others on their actions since it only God who can punish us for our actions. Judgment helps Christians to check their ways and be thoughtful about whatever they do. Through minding their

Essay question about The big switch Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Question about The big switch - Essay Example Even not being a professional, Geoff could develop a programmable world wide computing. It is in this very chapter, that forms the beginning of the second part of the book, Carr encapsulated the concept of cloud computing. The prime feature of cloud computing is that it does not require the typical mainframe computer to store all the data in one single computer. Rather, one can easily share it within the network through host servers. As it has been discussed by Nicholas Carr, cloud computing is generally used as third party product and as the businesses can have professional expertise for all the matters like hosting, servers and domains and also as they can store all of their information over such networks, it definitely helps them in focusing upon their core competencies. The business organizations can forego the huge capital investments for setting up and maintaining own networks. The demerit is that the business firms have to depend upon the external institutions and it might lea d to matters like information theft or failure of the servers. But still there is almost no doubt that the cloud computing has enabled the business organizations to have much better information technology architecture. ‘The Big Switch’ by Nicholas Carr has definitely won the test of time as it proposes and proves one after the other burning issues faced by the business organizations of present day with respect to information technology. In the chapter seven of the book, Carr considers one of the most debated topics of the period i.e. the reduction of employment because of extensive usage of information technology. It is a fact that the computers can do the work of quite a few employees and that too much efficiently. Therefore, Hellmut Schutte rightly thinks that the machines are definitely replacing human workforce. Though the entire matter is unfortunate as old time employees are losing their jobs but the fact is that the multi national corporations of

Gendered Societal Expectations of Appearance and Their Effects Upon the Individual Essay Example for Free

Gendered Societal Expectations of Appearance and Their Effects Upon the Individual Essay It has long been generally accepted that we as humans are influenced greatly by the things that surround our everyday lives. These things can include friends, family, co-workers, the media and even society as a whole. The society in which people live can play a huge role in how they view themselves and how they view others. Over the years researchers have come up with many theories as to how and why society has such a large influence on people. Now-a-days there are appearance prescriptions for everything in our society. It is not good to be too fat, but it is not good to be too skinny either. The way a person looks, dresses and acts is a large factor in how other people will think about, talk about and respond to them. These societal prescriptions also differentiate between other factors such as gender, race, level of education and more. Interestingly most of these prescriptions for appearance in society today are relatively unspoken until someone violates them. This paper will attempt to shed some light on the complex societal prescriptions regarding personal appearance and body imaging; more specifically it will delve into how those prescriptions are gendered within society and how people respond both positively and negatively to those prescriptions. As previously stated appearance prescriptions are very strong in our society especially when it comes to societal expectations regarding gender. These gendered expectations cause people to do all types of things for the sole purpose of fitting in to societal norms. Some women exercise religiously to maintain a good looking body, other women go tanning regularly because they think it is embarrassing, or even unacceptable, to be pale; there are also many men who do the same things for the same reasons. While looking good is not a bad thing sometimes these societal prescriptions, or expectations, can cause people to go too far. When people are not satisfied with themselves and their appearance they can become desperate and have feelings of inadequacy about their physical appearance. These feelings of inadequacy can lead to depression or making destructive decisions which can include but are not limited to over-eating or even eating disorders such as anorexia or bulimia. There have been numerous studies done on the relationships between societal pressures to be thin and body dissatisfaction among both men and women. One such study, from the University of Texas at Austin that studied the effects of social pressure to be thin on women said that â€Å"These same pernicious messages (that one is not thin enough) are thought to foster negative affect, because appearance is a central evaluative dimension for women in Western culture† (Stice, 2003). This study tested what sources most influence societal expectations of appearance and the different ways those expectations can negatively affect women (Stice, 2003). It concluded that some of the biggest social pressures to be thin come from the mass media, family members and peers (Stice, 2003). It also concluded that the negative effects of these social pressures can go in two different directions, this is not to say that women negatively affected cannot fall victim to both types of effects (Stice, 2003). A synopsis of this study could say that societal expectations to be thin often create body dissatisfaction within women (Stice, 2003). This body dissatisfaction, which can often lead to depression, frequently leads to either restrictive dieting or binge eating. Restrictive dieting, while not bad in itself, can lead to unhealthy eating habits such as eating disorders, laxative abuse or other methods of losing weight that can be extremely harmful to the person practicing them, and binge eating â€Å"because it is commonly believed that eating provides comfort and distraction from negative emotions† (Stice, 2003). A similar experiment, coming from the University of Toronto, studied the relationship between body image and depression among adolescents regarding adiposity (Chaiton, 2009). This study suggests â€Å"that body dissatisfaction may mediate the relationship between overweight and depression† (Chaiton, 2009). It goes on to suggest that the relationship found between obesity and depression is differentiated by gender because of the difference in societal expectations placed on women and men (Chaiton, 2009). The study concluded that females experience body dissatisfaction almost solely when they believe they are overweight, whereas both males who believe that they are under or overweight experience body dissatisfaction which can in all cases lead to some level of depression (Chaiton, 2009). As the aforementioned study showed societal expectations concerning appearance can, and often do, affect men just as much as they do women (Chaiton, 2009). Our society pushes men to be big, muscular and manly. To certain degree the more muscular a man is the more attractive he generally is within society. A study from an international journal regarding social behavior and personality concluded that the attractiveness of a man is more important in determining social desirability than the age of the man in question (Perlini, 2001). Comparatively the results of these two studies add up to say that the attractiveness of a man is one of the main factors in determining societal desirability and one of the biggest factors in being attractive is being muscular or strong. This puts a lot of pressure on males to be concerned with how they look in comparison to society’s expectations of how they should look. There are numerous different theories as to why societal expectations differ between genders, but none that can definitively explain why prescriptions concerning appearance are the way they are (i. e. women should be skinny and men should be muscular). Some theorists take a biological approach saying that something within the genetic makeup of human beings causes men to be larger and more muscular and likewise causes women to be smaller and skinnier; therefore it is innate within human beings to prefer women to be skinnier and men to be more muscular. Other theories use a combination of nature, a biological approach, and nurture, an approach that says how and where people are raised effects how they view the world, to explain why there is such a gendered difference in societal expectations. While still others use strictly nurture based theories to explain these differences. An experiment from Colby College testing the awareness of preschoolers to societal expectations of gender showed that by the age of five or six humans can easily differentiate between what society expects differently of men than of women (Raag, 1998). Granted this study tested the societal expectations of gender based on toys (tools and dishes) and how the children themselves reacted to the toys as well as how the children thought others (parents, babysitters, friends, etc. ) would react to them playing with the aforementioned toys (Raag, 1998). On the whole the children were able to identify that the tools were for boys to play with and the dishes were for girls; the children also, with no hesitation, said that boys playing with dishes or girls playing with tools would often be responded to negatively by parents or babysitters or the like. That means that while this study cannot shed light on the societal expectations of strength versus thinness it does give some credence to the nurture side of the theories mentioned earlier (Raag, 1998). In summation the societal expectations of appearance can have both positive and negative effects upon people. Society pushes for women to be thin, but not too thin and for men to be muscular, but not too muscular. Society pushing people to be in shape is not a bad thing; studies have shown that being physically fit is not only good for people physically, but also mentally. When people feel attractive it boosts their confidence and self-esteem which has been proven to increase mental health. It just happens to be that some of the anxiety or stress put upon people to look good to others can cause them to do harmful things to themselves and others. For instance constant pressure from the media and other outside influences to be skinny and tan has led countless females to have eating disorders and go artificial tanning all the time, neither of which are conducive to being physically healthy. Those same influences have led to countless males developing eating disorders as well to lose weight or even start using all types of drugs, that harm themselves and can harm, or cause them to harm, others, such as anabolic steroids or pro-hormonal supplements simply to gain muscle mass at unnatural and unhealthy rates. The best thing anyone can do to help society as a whole to resist unhealthy expectations regarding appearance is to spread awareness. It may sounds overplayed but awareness about a problem and the education necessary to fix or even just alleviate that problem is always to first step to solving that problem. At the end of every abovementioned study the researchers conducting the study talked about the significance, or importance of that study, and every single researcher included somewhere in that section that raising awareness about the issue at hand was one of the most significant aspects to their respective studies. This is because being aware and educated about a problem is one of the most important and fundamental ways to confront a problem; especially one of this magnitude. This problem will never be solved if society as a whole does not become aware of, and change, how it effects people’s everyday lives regarding physical appearance.

National competitive advantage of technology

National competitive advantage of technology Is technology the basis of long-term national competitive advantage? Compare the differences in the innovation systems of leading economies, industries and firms? Kay (1993) describes â€Å"innovation† as a ‘distinctive capability that can help provide the foundation for competitive advantage. Technology has been shaping the world since the start of the human era. Even in the business world it has changed the way businesses works, it has changed the manner we perceive and even the way we manage business. There are three major forms of innovating; RD, imported technology and technological transfers.   So, to argue we will use porter and chandlers theories with comparing the three different tires of the Nation level, the Industry level and the Firm level to understand whether technology on itself or with factors leads to a National competitive advantage. And we will focus over the major five economies, which are USA, UK, Germany, Japan and China. Technological development and innovation is a quite vital for long-term national competitiveness and success. Porter (1998) defined the national competitive advantage as the capacity of nation to attract local and foreign firms to use a platform for conducting business and attaining economic success. Therefore, with better technology will bring in more options for business and will be more attractive. Porter stresses the importance of technological change as â€Å"The determinants of national innovative capacity†, 2002, by referring this as one of the principal drivers of competition, which is at the heart of economic growth and development. The major reasons which supports the argument of it being vital to competitive advantage is because of the way it leads to differentiation or lower costs from the competitors in product and service designs. Firms must broaden and extend the basis of their competitive advantage by innovation through technology development and update (Fitzge rald, 1994). Innovation through technological development can also lead to national comparative advantage. Even though technology is one of the primary determinants of national competitiveness, they are other factors. Moreover, distinguishing the â€Å"Invention† from â€Å"Innovation† is must and has been done by Schumpeter, in which the invention is just a scientific breakthrough and not necessarily a business one cause of the commercial viability, being unknown. However, the job of the research and development is more to bring in the commercial viability, which may turn out to be a competitive advantage. The phrase deemed â€Å"technological change† has altered the society and increased the national wealth through success of various governments, since the 19th century. One of the major contributors in the development of economies and technology are the large industrial enterprises, which earlier with their super-normal profits and evolving competition, embodied innovation in their processes and products. So the major factors that led to these technological enterprises were lower costs, better human resources inclusive of management, smooth flow of material and information with well-built distributing networks and a primary driver of technological advances, (Chandler, 1995) Metcalfe, (1995) defines National innovation systems as â€Å"set of distinct institutions which jointly and individually contribute to the development and diffusion of new technologies and which provides the framework within which governments form and implement policies to influence the innovation process. As such it is a system of interconnected institutions to create, store and transfer the knowledge, skills and arti facts which define new technologies.† As stated above, the major five economies have been analysed at the macro level amongst their National Innovation Systems. The resources for Japanese innovation are mostly through private firms, public research institutions and educational institutions; for the USA are mostly non-US firms and educational institutions (Buiges, 2009). While the UK, Germany and China share similar resources, which is mainly the government. So, to start we analyse the RD expenditure to the economic output of the countries. The USA has a stable expenditure share between 2.5 to 3% since 1996 (Dicken, 2003). While, Japan on the contrary has the highest share of expenditure for RD which has been more than 3% of the countrys output since 2007 and the percentage is increasing (Abe and Fitzgerald, 1995). U.K. and Germany have been steady with their RD expenditure ranging from 1.5 to 2% since 1996. The Chinese increased their input by 1% from 1996 to 2006. The second major consideration is the pool of scientists and engineers in which Japan overtakes the USA. Even though USA has a mighty infrastructure of education and research. One of the major origins of innovation in the USA is non-US firms, mostly related to Japan. Hence, Wright (1992) stated â€Å"following World War 2, USA was the worlds most productive economy by virtually any measure; however, this is no longer.† Students in Germany are not trained in school, while Chinese students are now trained occupationally in school to fill in the gap of the lacking of skilled and experienced work force in china mentioned by Buiges (2009). Hence we can see that to build innovation, the other investments like in financial, information, educational systems are required with government supporting policies and sometimes industry collectivity. The first industry we opt for in the pharmaceutical industry, as it has high relevance to innovation and RD, to contrast the national systems at an industry level. The â€Å"first mover† explained by (Chandler 1992), as a crucial role was done by Germany in the pharmaceutical industry for a stronger position. This national innovation system helps in explaining why German companies like Bayer and Salvesan are able to be at the upper hand. These companies R D investment started as early as in 1870s, which help them innovating aspirin and anti-syphilis drug. Sustaining the competitive advantage over first is not possible until it is cyclical (repetitive), after world war one, Germans lost to the Americans and the British. This happened after the US and UK were forced producing substitutes to those drugs from Germany, to which they lost supply, hence started focusing on developing the domestic industry (Owen 1999). The companies were like Burroughs welcome and May Baker in the UK and Eli Lilly in the US. Loosing out in the first mover, the dependencies of the UK had increased but to counter the affect and to create a national advantage, the National Health Service (NHS) was established in 1984. The NHS is referred as the â€Å"ultimate paymaster for the bulk of the industry sales.† (Owen 1999:371). Another exposure that the British gained for responding to the Germans was the presence of major multinationals which brought in mass capital from countries like US, Switzerland and France which acted as a stimulus rather than being a threat. Finally, government intervention as a supporter gave a platform to companies like SmithKline and Pfizer. As a result the British with its strong innovation index and its regulatory options attracted Research and development. To support this argument Nelson (1993:279), states, â€Å"Competitive success in pharmaceuticals depends on a domestic environment which encourages firms to invest in costly research and development programs.† The Ec onomist shows after the Nelson argument, expenditure on RD in the UK increased by a staggering 6% since 1995, (The Economist, March 2005). The major difference in NIS of US and the UK has been the government support, which was majorly lacking in the USA and enforced the pharmaceutical industry to heavily rely on the Market networks, to support stands Glaxo and La Roche as examples. Even the statistics show the dramatic rise of expenditure on marketing to 33% in comparison to the 19% investment on RD by Novartis. (The Economist, March 2005). Americas large domestic market has always been the excuse for super normal profits and then innovation and further by competitive advantage but there is a reason for the European counterparts to outsmart them even with lesser finances and resources was cause of the government support and culture. Even Owen supports the argument of having a domestic market is not the utmost reason for being more competitive. Due to lack of resources and government regulations about the usage of resources the Japanese were far behind in developing a NIS in the pharmaceutical industry and tend to follow the path of mergers and acquisitions to be competitive. A relevant instance was the takeover of La Roche over Chugai, a major innovator in Japans pharmaceutical industry. The second industry we opted for analysis is the semi-conductor industry. To start with USA the most competitive in this industry, where clusters have been the key to its NIS. Porter defines clusters, as a system of inter-related firms that are connected vertically and horizontally, with a value greater than its parts sum of its parts. The two major constituents of the American NIS are Route 128 and the â€Å"Silicon Valley†, which is the present core, (Dicken, 2004). The clusters have led to easier and much faster knowledge sharing which leads to an advantage. The use of clusters has also led to development of American FDI into Malaysia as another cluster for less expensive labour. The semi-conductor business being highly technical, educational system especially universities have been vital. The USA and Germany have provided with a better university network with close relationships between the firms and universities, facilitating with a stream of scientists and engineers with the skills to innovate, (Nelson 1993). The University of Stanford location around the Silicon Valley stands for a reason. This competitive NIS was firstly sheltered and supported by the government. A similar form of cluster evolved in Japan wit the five major semi-conductor producers, which are NEC, Fujitsu, Hitachi, Toshiba and Mitsubishi. The group was called MITI collaboration for research. The group was 40 % funded by the Japanese government leading the Japanese government to be a virtual part, (Dicken, 2004). As mentioned above the Americans protected the semi conductor industry, was because of Japans government support and restrictions on American semi-conductors with the supply of cheaper semi-conductors known as â€Å"Dump Chips† in the US. The Chinese followed the Japanese in making a hold in the international semi-conductor market, even though with their â€Å"open door policy†, they had generated FDI before like merging with Taiwanese company ACER Ltd. The major difference in innovation systems of the two late industrializing nations i.e. China and Japan and the rest three is that instead of being pioneers in the semi-conductor industry they choose innovation through â€Å"imitation.† In most cases the learned technology was diffused and made it into an easier adaptable version, following innovating the technology. The only price for them to pay was the license fee. Well, now the Asian countries have started to invest more in research and development for creating their own innovations. Japan is quite successful in implementing it and has been considered as the â€Å"powerhouse† in RD like the US. China is on the path and is using a techno hybrid technology, with FDI, technology transfer in it, they are evolving as a key player in the semi-conductor industry. (Fitzgerald Cirvagena, 2009) To conclude, Technology is important for a countrys national competitive advantage, but as this discussion has shown, technology is not the only factor that can stimulate a leading position in a particular industry and for the economy. As Dicken (2004) highlights â€Å"In an intensely competitive environment, the introduction of a continuous stream of new products is essential to a firms profitability and indeed survival†, which referred earlier a repetitive or cyclical innovation is must.   Furthermore, by analyzing the NIS of the todays five leading economies, we have seen that the role of the state, clusters, and corporate governance, education systems, culture, have been vital components. This discussion possibly asks us to consider which is the best NIS to gain a national competitive advantage. In reflection of the two industries that have been looked at, a blend of different factors can be identified and have been justified.   The challenging nature of the US pharmaceutical industry could be improved by following the UK NIS, which recently the Obama Administration in the USA had approved. The fact that the UK semiconductor industry is such a small player in this market could be due to a lack of RD investment, which its US counterparts achieved through clustering. It is clear that one single approach in NIS is not the key to a countrys national competitive advantage or industry. References Buiges, P Sekkat, K (2009). Industrial Policy in Europe, Japan and the USA. UK: Macmillan Publishers. p.180-220. Chandler, A, ‘Managerial Enterprise and Competitive Capabilities in Jones, G and Harvey, C. (1992) Organisational Capability and Competitive Advantage. London: Frank Cass. Chandler, A.D (1995). Strategy and structure: chapters in the history of the industrial enterprise. USA: MIT. p.1-20. Dicken, P. (2004) ‘Global Shift: Reshaping the Global Economic Map in the 21st Century London: Sage Dicken, P. (2003) Global Shift: Transforming the World Economy. E, Abe and R, Fitzgerald (1995) ‘Japanese Economic Success: timing, culture and organizational capability Fitzgerald, R Ciravgena, L. (2009) ‘Technological Innovation, MN 330 Lecture 10 Fitzgerald, R (1994). The Competitive Advantages of Far Eastern Business. Great Britain: Frank Cass Ltd. p. 1-16. Kay, J (1993). Innovation, technology and competitive strategy . USA: Economic and Social Research Council. 1-16. Metcalfe, S. (1995), â€Å"The Economic Foundations of Technology Policy: Equilibrium and Evolutionary Perspectives†, in P. Stoneman (ed.), Handbook of the Economics of Innovation and Technological Change, Blackwell Publishers, Oxford (UK)/Cambridge (US) Nelson, R.R (1993) ‘National Innovation Systems: A Comparative Context, Oxford: Oxford University Press Nelson, R.R.   Wright, G. (1992) ‘The rise and fall of American technological leadership: the post-war era in historical perspective, Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 30. Owen, G. 1999. From empire to Europe. London: Harper Collins Porter, M. (1998). The competitive advantage of nations: with a new introduction. USA: Harvard Business Review. p.73-90 Porter, M. (2002). The determinants of national innovative capacity. Research Policy. 31 (6), p.899-933. Finefacts Team (2005) ‘RD scorecard Global top 1,000 Companies: US firms dominate, 86% of total RD comes from just 6 countries out of 36, Oct 24, 2005 The Economist (2005) ‘Prescriptions for change, A Survey of Pharmaceuticals, June 18th, 2005