Celebrate Italian Christmas Traditions With Children

Celebrate Italian Christmas Traditions With Children If youre wondering how to celebrate an Italian Christmas with your children this holiday, here are some educational ideas that will help to keep them entertained, and may even help you start new family traditions at the same time. Christmas is a huge holiday in Italy, a predominantly Catholic country. The season officially begins on the Day of the Immaculate Conception of Mary on Dec. 8, and continue through Jan. 6, the 12th day of Christmas and the Day of the Epiphany. Christmas decorations and Christmas markets first start appearing on Dec. 8. Italian children frequently start the Christmas season on Dec. 6, which is St. Nicholas Day, by writing a letter to St. Nicholas, or Santa Claus. Its easy to share in this tradition by having your own children write to Santa Claus ... and you may get some ideas on what they want for Christmas. Making a Nativity Scene Nativity scenes, or presepi, are a common and elaborate part of Italian Christmas decorations. Naples is the best place to see elaborate presepi, and theres a tremendous display in Saint Peters Square in Vatican City. In Italy, there are also living presepi, in which actors and animals recreate the Nativity scene, exhibitions with hundreds of crà ¨ches and mechanized figurines, and museums devoted solely to presepi. In the spirit of the season, teach a youngster about the history of the nativity and help her to construct her own crà ¨che for the Christmas season. You may find that crà ¨che becomes a precious family heirloom. Italian Cooking and Baking With Kids at Christmas Children of all ages the world over have heart-warming memories of mouth-watering smells emanating from the kitchen at Christmas time. Why not let your children help bake an Italian dessert like biscotti or cicerata. They are two simple, kid-proof dessert recipes that children will enjoy learning to prepare. If you have older children, you can get them involved in meal preparations for Christmas Eve and Christmas day. Italians avoid meat on Christmas Eve as a way of purifying themselves for Christmas and instead focus on fish as the main course. But the menus for both days include multiple dishes and sumptuous cuisine. Sing Italian Christmas Carols Christmas caroling begins in earnest in Italy during the week before Christmas, and caroling is a wonderful way to share Italian Christmas tradition with your children. Popular Italian Christmas carols (canzoni di Natale) include: Gesà ¹ Bambino l È Nato (Baby Jesus Is Born)Tu Scendi dalle Stelle (You Came Down From the Stars)Mille Cherubini in Coro (A Thousand-Cherub Chorus)La Canzone di Zampagnone (Carol of the Bagpipers) For a true diversion, try filastrocche calabresi sul Natale, Calabrian dialect Christmas songs. Learn About the Legend of La Befana You and your children can learn about the legend of La Befana. This story of an old witch who brings presents to children on Jan. 5, the eve of the Feast of the Epiphany, is very appealing to youngsters. La Befana also is called the Christmas Witch, and like Santa Claus, she enters homes through the chimney.

Why The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Was Banned

Why 'The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn' Was Banned Mark Twain isnt who most people think of when the topic of banned books comes up but the popular author has managed to earn a spot on the ALAs list of most contested books almost every year. His popular novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has been contested for many reasons. Some readers object to the strong and sometimes racist language and think its inappropriate for children. However, most educators think given a proper context the book is a great read. The history of people attempting to censor the novel goes back further than many realize. A History of Huckleberry Finn and Censorship The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn  was first published in 1884. Twains novel, a hilarious, rollicking adventure story, is widely considered one of the greatest American novels ever written. It follows Huck Finn- a poor, motherless boy with an abusive father, an ingenious way with words, a love-hate relationship with societal conventions, and a strong streak of decency- as he sails down the Mississippi River with Jim, an escaped slave. Despite the praise heaped on the book, it has proven a magnet for controversy. In 1885, Concord Public Library banned the book, attacking the novel as absolutely immoral in its tone.† One library official noted that all through its pages there is a systematic use of bad grammar and an employment of inelegant expressions.† Mark Twain, for his part, loved the controversy for the publicity it would generate. As he wrote to Charles Webster on March 18, 1885: The Committee of the Public Library of Concord, Mass., have given us a rattling tip-top puff which will go into every paper in the country. They have expelled Huck from their library as trash and suitable only for the slums. That will sell 25,000 copies for us sure. In 1902, the Brooklyn Public Library banned  The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn  with the statement that Huck not only itched but he scratched, and that he said sweat when he should have said perspiration. Why Was It Banned? In general, the debate over Twains  The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn  has centered around the language of the book, which has been objected to on social grounds. Huck Finn, Jim and many other characters in the book speak in regional dialects of the South. It is a far cry from the queen’s English. More specifically, the use of the word â€Å"n*gg*r† in reference to Jim and other African American characters in the book, along  with the portrayal of those characters, has offended some readers, who consider the book racist. Although many critics have argued that Twain’s ultimate effect is to humanize Jim and attack the brutal racism of slavery, the book frequently flagged and protested by students and parents alike. It was the fifth most-frequently-challenged  book in the United States during the 1990s, according to the American Library Association. Yielding to public pressure, some publishers have substituted slave or servant for the term that Mark Twain uses in the book, which is derogatory to African Americans. In 2015, an ebook version published by the company CleanReader offered a version of the book with three different filter levels- clean, cleaner, and squeaky clean- a strange edition for an author known to enjoy swearing.

Role of Women in the Military Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Role of Women in the Military - Essay Example During the First World War, many women served in the military as nurses and also offered other assigned support roles to the armies of various nations. However, the only nation that was acknowledged for using a large number of female fighter troops was Russia (Stone 155). One of the most famous martial camps was Cossack regiment, front-line light cavalry under the leadership of a woman. Maria Bochkareva, another famous and astounding female figure in the military, worked her way out to one of the most crucial military ranks as a senior NCO. Bochkareva was given the mandate to command the first unit in 1917 following the establishment of â€Å"Women’s Battalions† by the interim government (Stone 154-58). The women were expected to propagate war propaganda, which they never did well leading to their disbandment. Nonetheless, the women fought their war well, albeit propaganda delivery failed. Bochkareva would later recruit women infantry in Russian Civil War. The role play ed by women in both civil war and World War I still remains conspicuous and cannot be ignored. The Second World War occurred on global unprecedented scale, which created the necessity to mobilize the entire society to join war. This increased the chances of women participation in the military and they became important and indispensable part of national armies. During World War II, some women took to nursing roles while many others were engaged in clerical and support roles. In 1938, Britain created military roles for women besides a small group of women who had been serving in the British military as nurses. By 1941, many British women were enrolled in the army affiliate, Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS) and later approved military status (Martel 253). Martel argues that â€Å"The National Service Act of December 1941 drafted 125,000 women into the military over the next three years while 430,000 more

Jitmrpcaliach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Jitmrpcaliach - Essay Example The two men recognized the middle role that inventory plays in manufacture. The Toyota manufacture System, as Ohno and Shingo termed the JIT system, also built-in elements of cellular developed and excellence organization (Waters-Fuller, 1995). This research focused on this truth that whilst Ohno and Shingo are accredited with raising the total JIT systems, a figure of their philosophies traces as far rear as the late 18th century. Eli Whitney, better known as the inventor of the cotton gin, developed and perfected the idea of interchangeable parts. Henry Ford afterward streamlined this idea and urbanized a whole manufacturing strategy by means of the meeting line. It was Ford's process, practical to Allied war manufacture in World War II that in the end attracted Japanese manufacturers, particularly Toyota (Sakakibara et al., 1997). Department of Homeland Security defines Radio Frequency Identification Device (RFID) as "wireless systems that allow a machine to read in order contained in a wireless machine or "tag" - from coldness without making a bodily get in touch with or requiring a row of sight between the two. RFID provides a method to broadcast and receive information from one point to one more." RFID is an automatic identification technique relying on storing and distantly retrieving data by means of plans called RFID tags or transponders. Historically, the RFID knowledge was approximately in 1920s; however, the primary known machine was imaginary in 1945 and was supposed to be used as an spying tool; however, this tool was now a listening machine and not an ID tag. The real RFID system was urbanized approximately 1960s. RFID System The RFID System includes the tags, transponders, transceivers and request to retrieved and read information from tags to transponders and request software. Additionally, the person part must be accomplished and taught for the -request. RFID Tags If we analyzed then we come to know that the RFID ticket is a small thing that can be attached to or included into a creation, animal, or being. There are three types of tags: inert, semi-passive and lively. The inert tag uses no interior power. This tag is motorized when radio frequency sign sends the electrical present to the interior circuit of the tag to broadcast a response and holds an identification figure only. Due to the be short of of onboard authority, the passive tag can be fairly small. The dimension can be as skinny as a paper and little as the tip of a person finger. RFID Tag Reader This research focused on this truth that in arrange for the RFID system to purpose, it needs a booklover or a scanner machine that is competent of reading the tags and converse the results to folder device. Each reader uses an aerial to broadcast radio influence to all tags chosen to respond to frequency inside that variety. A reader has a ability to communicate by means of the tags without a straight line of view, dependant on radio frequency and kind of tag used. The tag readers are able to take delivery of from manifold tags at once allowing for greater than before dispensation times. The readers variety in a variety of shapes, sizes, moveable and

The Representation of evil in Robert Louis Stevensons Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Essay Example for Free

The Representation of evil in Robert Louis Stevensons Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Essay In 1886, Robert Louis Stevenson published his short novel The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. A recurring theme in the novella is that of evil, a popular subject in Victorian literature as it is such an interesting concept to interpret. The story was set in London, a city put across in the novella as being a dark, intimidating place (as most of the scenes were set in the night-time), and where otherwise respectable men and women indulged in evil activities such as gambling, sex, violence and drugs. Stevenson makes many references to the id and ego, which Sigmund Freud wrote about earlier in the 20th century. Freud believed that the id and ego were in constant battle with one another, the id being the unfettered self, and the ego a personality you project on society. The id very much represents the evil side of man in Stevensons novella, and this is shown when the respectable Dr. Jekyll takes the potion to release Hyde, his animalistic id. Stevenson was plagued by ill-health as a child, and was taken care of by a nurse. The nurse was a strong Christian, and thrust stories upon him of evil people burning in hell for eternity, and good people being taken to heaven. Stevenson disagreed with the belief that people were born either good or evil, rather that they were born as both. Sigmund Freud wrote that when a child is born, they are id-ridden, meaning that they demand instant satisfaction. He believed that as a child grows, their ego is formed around social morals, norms and taboos. Stevenson seems to suggest that as the ego suppresses the id, the ids affect on behavior becomes stronger, causing people to indulge in activities regarded as being evil. Stevenson also uses symbolism to convey evil. The doors used by Jekyll and Hyde are an example of symbolism. In chapter 1 The Story of the Door, Stevenson describes the door used by Hyde. The door, which was equipped with neither bell nor knocker, was blistered and distained. This immediately gives the image of someone who doesnt care about appearance or image. Mr. Hyde using this door shows that he isnt respectable and he needs to hide away. The location of the door also suggests the evil being hidden away, down a back alley, deep inside a persons mind. I dont believe Mr. Hydes actions are evil. By definition, evil actions are conscious decisions to have a negative effect on something, and that contradicts the whole concept of the id. The id is something that all humans are born with, and, as Freud wrote, does not have knowledge of good and evil, only that its desires demand instant satisfaction. What comes across to the crowd and audience as an evil action because no flicker of remorse is shown, is actually not intended. The first time we hear about him is when we are told of a madman knocking down a small child and walking straight over her. It sounds like nothing to hear, but it was hellish to see. It wasnt like a man; it was like some damned Juggernaut. The phrase juggernaut suggests Mr. Hyde is amoral, not evil. Hyde isnt bothered about who or what he hurts; he doesnt have a conscience to speak of. He never feels guilty of his actions. As he gets more out of control, he acts more like an animal, and quite insanely. And next moment, with ape-like fury, he was trampling his victim under foot. When Jekyll tries to control his evil side, after a while, it doesnt work because, as stated before, when the evil is suppressed it comes back more powerful than before. Jekyll starts to change into Hyde without taking the potion. Hyde is gradually taking over and Jekyll is becoming more evil. In chapter 7 we see this happening. Mr. Utterson and Mr. Enfield are standing below the window where Mr. Jekyll is sitting. Suddenly they see something which shocks and scares them; froze the blood of the two gentlemen below. They saw it but for a glimpse for the window was instantly thrust down, but that glimpse had been sufficient. This shows that Jekylls evil side is increasing with time and starting to control him. It also shows that Jekyll is becoming more dependant on the antidote to stop him becoming Hyde and to keep the evil in check, rather than before, when he was using it to isolate his evil side. Other characters always react with shock and horror to Mr. Hyde; this is because he is so repulsive looking and primitive. The image scared a lot of people and as Hyde is rude and unsociable no one likes him or is prepared to talk to him. I had taken a loathing to the man at first sight. His appearance and manner also provoked a bad reaction from people. He gave me one look, so ugly that it brought out the sweat on me like running. The haunting sense of unexpressed deformity with which the fugitive impresses his beholders. Jekyll is the only person who does not react with horror at Hyde. And yet when I looked upon that ugly idol in the glass, I was conscious of no repugnance, rather of a leap of welcome. This, too, was I. He realises that the man staring back at him from the mirror was himself in a different, more evil form. At the time Stevenson was writing the novella, people were very judgmental of those who looked different. This included people with all sorts of different disabilities, which are now widely accepted. Back then, these deformed people would have been shut away and often the public thought that only a deformed or evil soul could cause such deformities on the outside. These real, sadly common reactions from the late 1800s probably had a huge influence on the attitudes that Stevensons characters had towards Hyde in the book. The book seems to associate evil with animal quite frequently. This can be seen in the way the book describes how Hyde acts, but also in the way he speaks, often using the term hissed and croaked. In many religions, certain animals are associated with evil, like in the bible, where a snake was personified as Satan. This can be linked to the then recently published theory of evolution, which shocked many people. Darwins theory stated that animals evolved, rather than being created by god, which contradicted the heavily Christian Victorians beliefs. It seems ironic that Darwin was a man of the church, trying to prove religion right. It seems to me that Robert Louis Stevenson, while writing this novella, set out to make the repressed Victorian society think about its morals and beliefs, and, like many great writers, to challenge the public to think in a new way about themselves and the society they live in.

Sweden :: Countries

Sweden is a country of many wonders. It has an amazing literary culture. The scenery is literally to die for. Sweden is a land of many hills and natural beauties. It is the home to many wonderful sports. Once you visit Sweden once, some say it is hard to not come back and even harder to leave. It is just an amazing place to visit or live. Sweden has a fascinating history. The Vikings from Sweden traveled in boats and carried out surprise attacks on enemies (Lerner 21). The origin of today?s democracy in Sweden originated from the Vikings (22). By the end of the 1800?s Sweden was in great economic danger. With an unemployment rate of one point six, Sweden?s jobs were in short supply (40). In the elections of 1991, Carl Bidlt became Sweden?s prime Minister. He worked to curd Sweden?s economic problems, and it worked (41). Sweden was back to normal in no time. Sweden?s economy is great. By most standards of living Sweden ranks within the top ten countries (Lerner 54). Industrialization did not take hold until the early 1980?s (54). Sweden has a large array of crops, though only three percent of the country is part of the farming industry (56). Sweden?s industrial sector contains one fourth of it?s population (56). Swedish firma are among the world?s leaders in computer-assisted design and manufacture (56). Sweden has a lot of diverse people among the society. Most of the people in Sweden are in their thirties to forties. Only a few are ninety or above (Lerner 46).

On-the-Job Training Essay

Nothing beats experience as the perfect learning tool. This On-the-Job Training served as my stepping stone to purse my dream to be a professional someday. This training gave me an inspiration to be more serious focused in studying. I was encouraged to do more efforts in my studies. Since I was given some ideas about work of an F&B in the company where I conducted my training, I am inspired to be like them someday. Despite the short period of my training, it was still a very meaningful one. The training enriched my confidence created a foundation of being a good employee someday. It caused a very huge effect to me as Bachelor of Science in Hotel and Restaurant Student. I was really renewed. I learned to be diplomatic in both action and words. This training made me realize that it is really good to know what you’re doing and love it. As a student, what I can do for now is to learn whatever I can in school, be inspired, love the path I am taking, and do my best in everything I do, with a positive outlook in mind. I realized that I should be more focused in school and do everything heartily and with all that I can. It is also very warm to the heart to know that you have accomplished something and even warmer when there are people who are so proud of what you have done and I felt this feeling during my On-the-Job Training. Read more:  Essay About OJT Experience It inspired me to be more determined and competitive in everything that I do in my daily life as a student today and as a professional someday. My On-the-Job Training is very helpful and will be very helpful to me as I continue to take my journey as a fourth year student in the field of Hotel and Restaurant Management. It really gave me a taste of the real world – a glimpse of what lies ahead after I graduate. RECOMMENDATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT With deepest gratitude and appreciation, I humbly give thanks to the people who, with all they can, helped me in making my On-the-Job Training a  possible one. To my mother, for her unending love and support, for providing all my needs financially and morally, for her patience and understanding during my tiring day that I can’t help her in the chores, for her never fading advices and for being there for me no matter what. To my brother and sister and my best friend who serve as an inspiration to me, who keep on encouraging me to always make the out of everything and for their being proud and ever supporting siblings to me. To the institution where I am studying, Far Eastern University (Manila), where I am continuously growing as a Bachelor of Science in Hotel and Restaurant Student and to —– and family for giving us, students, the opportunity to be educated without spending too much. To all my professors who shared and continuously sharing their knowledge with students like me and keep on molding me into a better person. I am extending my warmest thanks especially to Prof. Elacion who, with all that she can, share with us everything she knows and keep on inspiring me to pursue my goals in life, most of all, my goal to be a professional someday. I thank her for her patience during the times that we commit failures and a big thanks for touching my life and motivating me to study harder for me to have a better future. To the Sofitel Philippine Plaza Manila – F&B Department (Spiral), for their warm welcome to me. To my training Manager, Sir Henry, to my training supervisor, Ms/Mr – And to the rest of the F&B Department, I am very grateful for having them as part of my On-the-Job Training. For all their advices and for everything that they taught me during my stay with them and most of all, for the memories we’ve shared – the happy moments, the sorrowful ones, the rush hours, the brainstorming and during the times that we commit failures and a nerve-wracking days and for everything that they did that contributed to my growth as a human being. I thanks them so much. To my friends and co-trainees, for the happiness and for being there to support me and to comfort me whenever I have difficulties during my training. I thank them for the friendship and teamwork and for being my companions whom I can share my laughter and sorrows with. Above all, to our Almighty God, for his unconditional love and for all the blessing He is showering upon me each day of my life. With love and gratitude, I thank Him for guiding me during my training and for making this On-the-Job Training as possible one. For the provision and wisdom He has bestowed upon me, for keeping me and my love ones always safe, for giving me enough knowledge and ability to perform each task that was assigned to me for the challenges He has given me that made me stronger than ever. I thanks Him for His comfort during the times that I am about to give up. By His grace, I was able to finish this training without any conflict. Most of all, I thank Him for His Word that keeps on reminding me that â€Å"I can do all things through Christ which strengthened me.† (KJV) (Phil. 4:13)

God Sees the Truth but Waits Essay

* In the town of Vladimir lived a merchant named Ivan Dmitrich Aksionov along with his family. * One summer, Aksionov planned to go to the Nizhny Fair to sell all his goods but was stopped by his wife who told him to go another day because she had a bad dream about him wherein he took off his cap and his hair was quite gray. * Aksionov did not heed his wife’s plea and continued on to his journey. * When he had reached the halfway point, he met a fellow merchant who he knew and they stayed at the same inn for the night, drinking tea together and sleeping in adjoining rooms. * As it was not his habit to sleep late and wanting to leave before it became too warm, he left the inn before dawn. Rising Action: * When he had gone about 25 miles, he stopped at another inn to rest, have a samovar be heated and for his horses to be fed as well. * Suddenly, a troika drove up to the inn, followed by two soldiers who came to him and asked him who he was, where he came from, where he stayed the night and if he was alone or with a fellow-merchant. * Aksionov found out from the police-officer of the district that the other merchant was found with his throat cut. * The soldiers searched his things and found a blood-stained knife in his bag. * Aksionov was too nervous to answer the police-officer’s questions of why he had the knife in his bag so they assumed that it was guilt and he was taken into their custody and brought to the nearest town to be imprisoned. * Enquiries were done to investigate his character which found him to be a good man but when the trial came on, he was charged with murdering the merchant from Ryazan and robbing him of twenty thousand rubles. * His wife was able to visit him in prison with their children but in the end was also one of the people who suspected him of doing the crime. * Aksionov, feeling that no one believed him, gave up all hope and turned to God and trusted Him with everything. * For 26 years, he lived as a convict in Siberia where his hair became white and his beard grew long, thin and gray. * The prison authorities like him for his meekness and they along with his fellow-prisoners respected him enough to be given the title of â€Å"Grandfather† and â€Å"The Saint†. * One day, a fresh gang of convicts came to the prison and one of them was Makar Semyonich. * After overhearing several conversations, Aksionov was convinced that Semyonich is the man who committed the murder for which he was accused of, causing him to feel anger so great that he longed for vengeance. He prayed and prayed but found no peace from it. * One night, as he was walking about the prison he found out that Semyonich was creating a tunnel with the help of the other prisoners under the shelf by stuffing the earth into their high-boots. * The tunnel was found out by the prison officials and was investigated by the guards and the Governor. All the prisoners who knew would not betray Semyonich for they knew that he would be flogged almost to death. Climax * The Governor, knowing that Aksionov was a just and fair man, turned to him and asked him who dug the hole but Aksionov, even though he wanted revenge against Semyonich, spoke out that it is not his place to speak about the tunnel. Falling Action * That night, Makar, moved by Aksionov’s protection of him, went near him and begged for his forgiveness and revealed the truth to him. * Aksionov forgave Semyonich and while doing so felt his heart grow lighter and the feeling of longing to go home left him. * Makar then told the truth of the murder to the officials but when the order for his release came, Aksionov was already dead.

Centre for Enegry, Petroleum, Mineral Law and Policy The WritePass Journal

Centre for Enegry, Petroleum, Mineral Law and Policy ABSTRACT: Centre for Enegry, Petroleum, Mineral Law and Policy ABSTRACT: 1. INTRODUCTION2. HUMAN RIGHTS AND CSR2.1. HUMAN RIGHTS WHICH ARE PARAMOUNT IN EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES2.2.   THE ROLE OF NGOs2.3. THE ROLE OF THE GOVERNMENT3. ENVIROMENTAL IMPACT OF EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES3.1. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMAN AND ENVIROMENTAL RIGHTS3.2. WHO ARE THE MAJOR STAKEHOLDERS 3.3. PARTICULAR IMPACT ON IPs4. CSR MEASURES4.1. RESPONSIBILITY OF CORPORATE DIRECTOR4.2. CORPORATE ACCOUNTABILITY  BIBLIOGRAPHYRelated ABSTRACT: The concept of human rights have been if not generally but to some degree understood. How it is important for every man to have his own dignity and freedom to move however not everyone understands how closely related environmental right and human rights are related a health environment gives way to a right to live a healthy life which is one of the first and basic human right â€Å"right to life†. TNCs are due to the nature of their projects closely related to human right issues as well as environmental issues the in most cases constitute the highest number of human rights abuses by their very presence in a community. If the handle the human rights and environmental rights issue adequately then a lot of bloodshed and pollution can be avoided but if not then a lot of harm than good may be the order of the day. This is where CSR comes in the CSR norms help TNCs to avoid disasters from occurring. But the question is, is the CSR norms enough, the companies will have to incorporate them into their policies and not just that but to also develop a strong report system that would help the company filter any form of abuse. Complicity by the company in the face of human rights abuse is also too good. This paper would highlight on cases of abuse and how it affects the local people and how the TNCs can help avoid both human and environmental abuse and NGOs fit in in all of these. 1. INTRODUCTION Human rights are fundamental principles which give any individual the right to freedom of a dignified life, freedom from fear and the freedom to express his/her beliefs.The TNCs should be careful with the effects of mining and exploration activities on the human rights of employees and surrounding communities because obtaining a strong social licence to operate in those communities depends on how much the TNCs respect the human rights of the local people. Integrating human rights rules into core business practice in the mining sector is important, it is a corporate responsibility.   While the basic need to protect and promote human rights is the immediate responsibility of the national governments, TNCs also has a distinct responsibility to respect human rights as well. Some International Companies especially those who are signed under the UN Global Compact, including mining and resource companies refer to human rights in their annual event reports and incorporate and implement hum an rights into their regulations and policies.Chapter two of this research looks at the human rights abuses that are commonly found in extractive industries. Chapter three looks at the environmental impacts of extractive industries and how it affects IPs. Chapter four looks at the CSR measures and how companies and directors are held accountable for their actions and the final chapter concludes and gives recommendations on how CSR can be promoted. 2. HUMAN RIGHTS AND CSR As provided in the OECD Guidelines for TNCs, extractive industries have to respect the human rights of those affected by their activities and practices consistent with both international and national laws of the host government. They also have to contribute to the economic, social and environmental development of the host government with a view to achieving sustainable development. 2.1. HUMAN RIGHTS WHICH ARE PARAMOUNT IN EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES There are distinct human right issues peculiar to extractive industries which concerns all TNC companies. The following are some of the more reoccurring cases of human right abuse: Labour practices with respect to human rights Extractive companies, have a responsibility and duty to make sure that employees enjoy basic labour rights such as, a safe workplace, reasonable living wage, non-discriminatory against sex, HIV and so on collective bargaining and child-labour. Environmental issues with respect to human rights Environmental activities of extractive companies have the tendency to affect a variety of basic rights including the rights to life, good health and an adequate standard of living; which includes access to basic food, clothing, water, housing and sanitation. Governments should also ensure that both multinational and national enterprises provide sufficient safety and health standards for their employees. The government has a duty to ensure the welfare of its citizens. Rights of Indigenous peoples and other community Extractive industries need land or the rights to use it. In most cases, land is already in use by others (IPs), and other times it is part of a community’s ethnic or traditional resources. In most cases land involves the resettlement of communities. Failure to address resettlement, native title and customary land use issues or forced eviction of the IPs, will cause animosity and conflict towards a project. Security issues with respect to human rights Extractive companies often find themselves in conflict-prone countries. This often means that an industry will employ its own security, or rely on law enforcement of the host government to protect assets and employees. In most unfortunate cases they company’s security become involved in local violence. A mining company could be complicit in human rights abuses committed by a security provider. 2.2.   THE ROLE OF NGOs Within the NGO world, there are many different methods or techniques of dealing with TNCs: some try to draw corporations into dialogue or conference sessions where TNCs can express their views, more like a communication link, in order to persuade and convince them to accept voluntary codes of conduct, while others believe that corporations will take action only when their financial interests are ‘on the line’, and therefore take a more adverse stance toward them. The latter view is more in line with labour union strategies and approaches. Confrontational NGOs tend to employ moral stigmatization, or â€Å"naming and shaming,† as their primary tactic, while NGOs that favor engagement offer or propose dialogue and a limited form of cooperation with willing TNCs. There are different reasons why NGOs’ are interest in the business sector, however the most common and the most important reason is the perception or belief that political and economic power has shifted away from governments and toward TNCs. The traditional roles NGOs normal play in cases of human right abuses is to gather information, analysis and dissemination of human rights concerns, the help in advocating for better HRs observance and accountability. The also develop and lobby for human rights laws and standards. They give legal aid and humanitarian relief to victims of human right abuses. They punish TNCs by moral shaming and praise. NGOs promote CSR by research, reporting and media exposure, by dialogue with TNCs, by holding TNCs socially responsible and accountable for their actions. â€Å"In the 1 9 8 0s the corporate social responsibility (CSR) agenda was significantly broadened when, in the wake of Bhopal, Exxon Valdez, and other highly publicized environmental disasters, the NGO environmental movement pressed home the idea that TNCs must also protect the environment, thus further expanding the notion that corporations have social responsibilities. From the early 1990s on, human rights NGOs and other voices within civil society have been calling upon corporations to accept responsibility for promoting labor rights, human rights, environmental quality, and sustainable development. The contemporary CSR movement aims to persuade MNCs to adopt voluntary codes of conduct and implement business practices that incorporate commitments to respect and protect labor rights and human rights as well as the environment. The voluntary CSR approach is not the only NGO strategy. Another influential school of thought within the NGO world views MNCs as constitutionally unredeemable and incapable of voluntarily acting in a socially responsible fashion; companies can only be made to be socially and environmentally accountable by means of economic coercion or through binding legal obligations. Those who take this view look toward the development of a mass social movement that will compel governments to enact enforceable international legal standards that will make TNCs legally accountable to global society. Private voluntary CSR initiatives are viewed as exercises in corporate public relations and as poor substitutes for strict legal regulation. Of ten allied philosophically and strategically with unions, NGO activists who take this view m ay seek to support traditional union organizing efforts to win rights and fair compensation for workers worldwide through collective bargaining agreements with free labou r unions.† 2.3. THE ROLE OF THE GOVERNMENT It is the responsibility of the government to protect as well as ensure that the rights of the members of the community are not abused. Recommendations for measures to be taken by the government to avoid further human rights violations in mining communities: 1. Ensure that IPs that get their livelihood from the land receive adequate compensation and access to alternative land for farming and if possible fishing according to Section 74 of the Minerals and Mining Act of 2006; for example the Ghanaian government ensures that the support the Regulation on Compensation for IPs according to the Act as provided as a matter of urgency. 2. Establish and strengthen the mandate and the capacity of a Governmental Environmental body so that it can effectively prevent the contamination and destruction of water sources. 3. Enable and establish laws and courts for the Human Rights cases national and locally to play a decisive role in investigating alleged human rights violations in mining communities, in revising legislation and to educate the people of their human rights 4. to look into cases of alleged human rights violations committed by military and police in this context 5. Ensure that local police is able and trained to act independent of the interests of multinational mining companies. 3. ENVIROMENTAL IMPACT OF EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES Corporate environmental and social responsibility has been seen in recent times to overlap each other. It is a known fact that some business activities have negative environmental implications. Mining, oil drilling, chemical production and waste disposal projects all have possibilities of disrupting or harm ecosystems and the environment, such activities and practices may also compromise the rights of people who are affected. Certain groups may be geographically more vulnerable to environmental pollution because of their way of life, the nature of their economy and socio-economic status. Although international human rights laws contain few clean-cut provisions relating to the environment rights, many fundamental human rights – to life, to health, to privacy, non-discrimination and self-determination, for example – can have significant environmental dimensions. â€Å"In 1972, an international meeting formulated, for the first time, the issue of environmental protection specifically in terms of a â€Å"right to environment† commencing the process of explicitly linking environmental law with human rights. Since then, there has been an increasing recognition international, that â€Å"human rights, an economically sound environment, sustainable development and peace are interdependent and indivisible.† In April 2001, the UN Commission on Human Rights, for the first time concluded that everyone has the right to live in a world free from toxic pollution and environmental degradation†. 3.1. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMAN AND ENVIROMENTAL RIGHTS The right to a safe environment has been emphasized as a vital component of fundamental human rights. In most cases, environmental deterioration leads to human rights iniquities and quite often, human rights abuse involves serious ecological interruptions. In the United States, for example, the transformation and fusion of civil rights and environmental justice movements have been especially instrumental in dealing with the problems of inequitable distribution of environmental pollution and associated health effects caused by the activities of powerful corporations and the host government. Strong environmental movements and effective legislative responses to hazardous waste disposal have drastically increased the costs of hazardous waste management, making exporting of industrial wastes quite attractive. Toxic waste dumping represents one of several activities that involve serious human rights abuse, ecological disruptions, and environmental injustice. Other activities such as natural resource exploitation by the state and Multinational Corporations (MNCs), land acquisition, and large-scale economic development projects are also involved with human rights abuse. Over the past years, the world has witnessed a high number of cases which had involved and is still involving ecological and human rights abuses ranging from the military government extermination of indigenous population in Irian Jaya, Indonesia, to ecological assaults and human rights violations in Africa and other developing countries and the all suggest the need to include environmental rights as a significant component of human rights issues. Most recently, increased global awareness of environmental and human rights problems has broadened the civil, political, and socioeconomic rights to encompass environmental dimension. 3.2. WHO ARE THE MAJOR STAKEHOLDERS There are several stakeholders in the CSR effort. These include: government, mining Companies, institutions especially the UNO and its agencies like ILO, the local community, consumers of mineral products, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) suppliers, managers, under-represented stakeholders; The State (Government): Many mineral-rich developing countries generate enormous revenues from mining. Unfortunately, many of them do not have in place, policies that can ensure effective management of such revenues for the well-being of their citizens. The state has a very important role to play in ensuring responsible behaviour by all the other stakeholders, especially the MNCs that operate within their jurisdiction. Indeed, some analysts are of the opinion that governments are the only stakeholders that can have the most impact in creating incentives and disincentives for responsible action. The government can use both regulatory and economic instruments to enhance CSR in the operations of MNCs. The Mining Companies Suffice to emphasise that private investment in mining, as in other commercial undertakings is for the purpose of making profit. In this regard, it is necessary to appreciate the limits of what MNCs can do and what the government can ask them to do. This legitimate aspiration, however, should be without prejudice to the fact that MNCs should pay attention to their conduct as it affects other stakeholders especially with regards to upholding human rights norms. Investors Investors can be warned or informed of potential environmental risks and liabilities and to the benefits for them, from good practice in mining. Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) Increased national and international NGO activity and assistance have improved people’s awareness of their rights, bringing with such awareness a greater articulation of their demands and grievances. Their cases have also been brought forward to the international forum thereby bringing pressure to bear on both states and mining companies for a rectification of some of the worst practices. The role of some NGOs lack transparency and accountability. Development Assistance Agencies/multinational institutions Development assistance institutions such as the World Bank are increasingly coming under pressure to implement environmental and human rights standards within their lending and assistance programmes. There is, however, a lot more to do in the area of implementation of human as well as environmental rights initiatives. The World Trade Organisation with its strong judicial system can go a long way in helping to incorporate human and environmental rights in TNCs policies, simply by demanding for it before have any form of dealings with the said company or host government. Others may include the UN Global contact and ILO. 3.3. PARTICULAR IMPACT ON IPs Some of the recent cases of environmental injustice and human rights violations are: the murder of Francisco Mendes and Wilson Pinheiro in the Amazon rain forest, the public hanging of Ken Saro-Wiwa and eight other members of the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP) in Nigeria and the massacre of Father Nery Lito Satur and several others in the Philippines,. There have been several other cases of government agents especially in other developing countries, where the host government does nothing to stop human right abuse against members of minority groups and local communities so as   to take over their lands and natural resources. The oppression of indigenous minority groups extends to ecological and environmental degradation. Exploitation and pollution of natural resources, including energy production, timber harvesting, mineral extraction, oil exploration and other industrial projects by MNCs, has caused significant damages. These damages include dislocation and displacement of numerous indigenous and local communities and their entire ways of life. In many developing countries, indigenous peoples, minority groups and other vulnerable and impoverished communities, including subsistence peasants, fishing communities and hunters in some cases traders are generally the victims of environmental pollution mostly caused by resource extractive operations of MNCs in the name of global development. â€Å"Over the past years, there have been about documented cases of hazardous wastes dumping in Eastern Europe, in Asia, in Latin America, and in Africa. Specific cases include dioxin-laden industrial wastes exported from Philadelphia to Guinea and Haiti in 1987; radioactive milk exported to Jamaica by EC in 1978; and other toxic elements exported by Italian firms to the town of Koko in Nigeria; and several other similar cases involving a systematic dumping of hazardous wastes to these regions. Within the past decade, several Third World nations including Argentina, Bangladesh, Brazil, Colombia, Guinea, Haiti, Lebanon, Mexico, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Syria, Venezuela, and Zimbabwe have been targeted for toxic waste dumping. Increased toxic waste dumping and CO2 emissions are directly related to poor quality of life and adverse health conditions in these countries†. 4. CSR MEASURES CSR measures vary depending on varying factors and geographical location of the TNC. The Australian Parliamentary Joint Committee on Corporations and Financial Services in 2006 in its report: Corporate Responsibility: Managing Risk and Creating Value, stated: That the committee strongly supports further successful involvement in the voluntary CSR measures and wide adoption of corporate responsibility. The committee has formed the view that obligatory methods to regulating director’s actions and to sustainability reporting are not suitable. However some people argue that the government should be   more in CSR related issues. They argue that the host government needs both to improve civil and market regulation of corporations, and also to strengthen corporate law. They agree that the threat of litigation against TNCs is more effective. â€Å"Kolk and van Tulder (2002) critically examine the effectiveness of voluntary corporate codes of conduct by a study of child labour codes developed by six international garment companies. Overall, the research shows that corporate codes are important, though not the only, instruments for addressing child labour. Sandra Polaski reports on an innovative policy experiment in Cambodia that links improvement of workers’ rights with increased orders and market access for the products of the country’s garment factories. The policy originated with the US-Cambodia Textile Agreement, which awarded Cambodia higher garment export quotas into the US market in return for improved working conditions and labor regulations. She concludes that the agreement’s effectiveness has depended on a regulatory role for the ILO, ‘acting as a compliance monitor and government intervention, preventing some apparel producers from free riding on others’†. 4.1. RESPONSIBILITY OF CORPORATE DIRECTOR While some people are of the view that the sole responsibility of the directors are to the shareholders and other financial issues as has been stated in common law others are of the view that directors have the duty to incorporate human rights into the company policies and rules, inform the stakeholders as well as the shareholders any potential human and environmental abuses that may occur in the life of the operation. The should take into account the labour issues, while setting employing rules and any environmental pollution that is inevitable and best to compensate the people involved. 4.2. CORPORATE ACCOUNTABILITY Corporate accountability is all about the TNCs being held accountable for the actions the take especial subsidiaries of International companies abroad in developing countries. For example, KAIROS is concerned about the growing pattern of Canadian extractive companies, whose international activities are having a negative impact on the environment and human rights, including the rights of Indigenous peoples.   KAIROS advocates for binding legislation to hold corporations accountable in Canada for abuses committed internationally. 5. RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION TNCs should, within the framework of both national and international laws, in the communities in which they operate, take a proper account of the need to protect the environment and public health and generally to carry out their practices in a manner contributing to sustainable development. Most importantly, enterprises should: 1. Inaugurate and maintain a system or a scheme of environmental administrative body appropriate to the company. 2. Determine, the foreseeable environmental, health, and safety-related impacts related with the projects of the company over their full life cycle. Where these proposed activities and practices could have noticeable environmental, health, or safety impacts, the company should prepare a proper environmental impact assessment. 3. Support plans for preventing and mitigating environmental and health problems from their operations and to maintain systems for immediate reporting to the competent authorities. 4. To incorporate human right into the company policy and have a strong system for reporting abuses. 5. The company should not take part in local violence and neither should they keep silent when such violence occurs in their area of operation or because of their operation. 6. The company should contribute to the development of environmentally meaningful and economically efficient public policy.   BIBLIOGRAPHY SECONDARY SOURCE BOOKS Boeger, N., Perspectives on Corporate Social Responsibility(Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, United Kingdom, 2008). Mullerat, R., International Corporate Social Responsibility: The Role of Corporations in the Economic Order of the 21st Century (Kluwer Law International, BV, the Netherlands, 2010). Sullivan, R., Business and Human Rights: Delimmas and Solutions (Greenleaf Publishing Limited, United Kingdom, 2003). ARTICLES Adeola,O.F., Environmental Injustice and Human Rights Abuse: The State MNCs and Repression of Amnesty Groups in the World System. Human Ecology Review, Vol.8, No.1, 2009. International Council on Human Rights Policy, Beyond Voluntarism Human Rights and the Developing International Legal Obligations of Concern (February 2002) Tripartite Declaration of Principles Concerning Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy-International Labour Organisation. November 2000 OTHERS INTERNET Australian Human Rights Commission, Good Practice, Good Business 2009, at human rights .gov.au/human_rights/corporate_social_responsibility (last visited on July 9, 2011) Corporate accountability news, at kairoscanada.org/en/sustainability/corporate-accountability/ OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises 2008, at oecd.org/publishing /corrigenda (last visited on July 9, 2011).

The 23 SAT Tips and Tricks You Must Use

The 23 SAT Tips and Tricks You Must Use SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Studying for the SAT is a big undertaking, and you might not know where to start. A good way to get yourself into gear is to learn about the structure of the test and different ways you can adapt your strategy to improve on each section. In this article, I’ll provide you with a comprehensive list of the top 23 tips (broken down by section) that you should be using to get your best scores ever on the SAT. Overall SAT Study Tips Tip 1: Eliminate 3 Wrong Answers The most important rule to remember for the SAT is that there is only one correct answer for each question, and you should be able to eliminate all the others. This means that your number one strategy on the test is process of elimination. If you're struggling with a question, try to find reasons to rule out most of the answers rather than reasons why certain options could work. Learn to be extremely picky about which answers to eliminate. This especially applies to the Reading and Writing sections. If a question seems subjective, keep reminding yourself that it’s an illusion. All incorrect choices are incorrect for good reasons, and it’s your job to find those reasons until you narrow your answers down to one possibility. Tip 2: Always Understand Your Mistakes This is vital if you want to see dramatic improvements. If you take the time to understand each mistake you make on practice questions, why you made it, and what you will do to avoid it in the future, you’re virtually guaranteed a good score on the test. Mistakes usually fall into one of four categories: #1: Content weakness#2: Time pressure#3: Question comprehension issue#4: Careless error After you finish a practice test, catalog all the questions you answer incorrectly so you can work on detecting error patterns. Did you consistently answer a particular type of math question wrong (content weakness)? Did you keep missing the words â€Å"except† or â€Å"least† (careless error) in questions? Did you consistently miss questions at the end of sections (time pressure)? Whatever your issues, you have to understand them completely so you can fix the problems you’re having and see positive changes in your scores! SAT Reading Tips Tip 3: Pay Attention to Connotation and Context This tip is critical for answering tough questions in the Reading section. Look for words that indicate positive or negative connotation in the part of the passage that the question references. This can help you to eliminate at least a couple of choices even if you have no idea which of the remaining choices is correct. Context is also very important! Don’t just look at the exact line that is referenced in the question- look at the sentences around it too. Look for contrast words such as â€Å"however†, â€Å"rather than† or â€Å"still†. You should also pay attention to strong adjectives that might help you to determine connotation. Positive or negative connotation- you decide. Also to whoever made this image: I think we know what thumbs up and thumbs down mean. The faces are overkill. Tip 4: Use Find the Evidence Questions to Your Advantage The new SAT has questions that ask you to choose an excerpt from the passage that serves as the best evidence for your answer to the previous question. These new questions can help you tremendously in identifying mistakes and clearing up ambiguities. For example, say you've picked out two answers that you think could be correct for a reading question. If the next question asks you to identify the best evidence for your answer, you can read through all the options the find-the-evidence question gives you and see which choice most directly connects to one of your two potential responses for the previous question. In almost every case, it will become abundantly clear which of the two choices is correct because only that one will have a corresponding tidbit of direct evidence tucked away in one of the answer choices for the find the evidence question. Tip 5: Read Passages Strategically Try to nail down a good passage reading strategy for the SAT before test day. This will save you time and stress later. There are a few methods you might use depending on how comfortable you are with the test and where you are in your reading comprehension skills. Method 1: Skim the Passage First This is the method I would be most inclined to recommend. You can get a sense of the main ideas of the passage without wasting too much time reading it closely. To skim effectively, just read the introductory paragraph, conclusion paragraph, and first and last sentences of each body paragraph. Answer main idea questions first while the overall point of the passage is still fresh in your mind. Then you can read specific sections of the passage more closely as needed to answer questions about smaller details. Method 2: Skip Straight to the Questions Because the SAT gives you line numbers for questions on the Reading section, skipping the passage altogether can be an effective initial strategy. If you do this, you should answer questions about small details in the passage first, so you end up reading a bit of the passage while answering questions. Then, when you move on to main idea questions later, you’ll already have a solid sense of the message of the passage as a whole. Method 3: Read the Passage in Full If you’re both a quick and thorough reader, you might be able to pull this off without any problems. Just make sure it’s not slowing you down. There's more material to read on the new SAT, so this strategy might be less feasible than it was in the past. If you're reading this way and find you can save a few minutes (and not lose any points) by using one of the other methods, then you should do that instead. It’s always better to have extra time at the end so you can double-check your answers! Tip 6: Don’t Ignore Passage Introductions At the beginning of every passage on the SAT, there is a little italicized blurb giving you a bit of context about the passage and its author. This introductory blurb contains valuable information, and if you skip it, you could miss out on easy points. At the very least, passage introductions give you context for what you’re about to read so you aren't too confused about who’s who or where the passage is set. Even if your method of attack for SAT passages is to skip straight to the questions, you should still make a point of reading the italicized intro before you do anything else. Tip 7: Get Interested in the Passages If you want to retain information as you’re reading passages on the SAT, the best way to do it is to force yourself to engage with the material. Treat this as a learning experience, not a chore, and you’ll find it much easier to remember what happened in the passage. If your brain is in â€Å"wow, interesting† mode rather than â€Å"blah, blah, just have to get to the questions† mode, you’ll have a more pleasant experience on the test and a better time answering the questions overall. Tip 8: Look for Direct Evidence Though questions on SAT reading may sometimes seem subjective, the reality is that you should always be able to find direct evidence in the passage or chart you are referencing to support your answers. Even inference questions, which ask you to look beyond the literal facts in the passage, will be backed up by logical deductions that can be made from the evidence that is presented. For inference questiosn especially, you might end up looking beyond the sentence referenced in the question to find the evidence you need. But the evidence is always in there somewhere! If you’re thinking about choosing an answer that seems like it could be correct, but you can’t find any evidence for it, hold off. Any answer that can’t be backed up by specific information in the passage has to be incorrect. U on the SAT irl SAT Math Tips Tip 9: Focus on Filling Content Gaps First If you have problems with basic math skills, it doesn’t matter how many practice SAT questions you do- you’re going to have to fix those knowlege gaps before you can improve your SAT Math score. If you notice you’re missing practice SAT Math questions because you are uncomfortable in a certain content area, work on your content weaknesses before you do anything else. This is the fastest way to improve your scores dramatically. You can go from here to fix other types of mistakes that are more surface-level (such as reading questions wrong or basic carelessness). Tip 10: Re-Solve Questions You Missed Before Looking at the Answer Explanations This is the best way to make sure you truly understand how to solve questions you initially messed up on the Math section. It’s one thing to read the answer explanation and say â€Å"oh, of course, that’s how you solve it," but it’s a completely different matter to work out the problem yourself. The process will stick in your mind much better if you go through it, rather than if you just read about it. Look at what the correct answer choice should be and try to get there yourself before you read the explanation. Tip 11: Underline Key Parts of the Question You should use this tip on the math section if you've been missing questions by accidentally solving for the wrong value. Underline what you need to find in the question so you don’t get confused during the calculation process. Sometimes math questions ask you to solve for a value that necessitates solving for something else along the way. That something else will often be one of the incorrect answer choices (though this sort of tricky incorrect answer choice is less likely to show up on the new SAT). Many students accidentally pick the trick answer choice because they lose track of the value that they were originally supposed to find. You can avoid this by underlining relevant parts of the question to maintain your focus. Tip 12: Memorize Formulas Although the SAT math section does provide you with a list of formulas, you’ll lose time and momentum by constantly turning back to reference them. It's best to have all the formulas memorized beforehand. Check out our article on the formulas you need to know for the SAT Math section to make sure you’re prepared. You can use a calculator for half of the Math section, but if you don't know the formulas, it's not going to be much help. SAT Writing Tips Tip 13: Memorize Grammar Rules The SAT Writing section has a specific standardized approach to grammar, so it’s useful to memorize the rules to reduce confusion. Even if you think you're pretty good at grammar, it’s not always enough to just go by what "looks right" to you. If you’re not used to some of the more archaic grammar rules tested on the SAT, you should memorize them. This will prevent you from accidentally choosing NO CHANGE for phrases that have errors according to the SAT's formal grammar guidelines. Check out this article for a review of all the grammar rules you’ll see on the SAT! Tip 14: Be Careful with NO CHANGE Answers If you notice that you’re answering NO CHANGE for lots questions on the Writing section, you should go back and double-check your answers. NO CHANGE will only be the answer for 25 percent or less of the questions where it's an option. If you’re choosing it more than that, you might be missing something. Be sure to verify it again before you commit. On the flip side, you also shouldn't be overly worried about choosing NO CHANGE. It will inevitably be the correct answer a few times, so don't get too caught up in second-guessing yourself. Tip 15: Skim the Paragraph Before Answering Rhetoric Questions Unlike grammar questions, which only require reading through a couple of sentences at most to answer correctly, rhetoric questions challenge you to examine entire paragraphs or the passage as a whole to find the right answer. Examples of rhetoric questions are questions about sentence function, the logical sequences of sentences, and the author's style and tone. The SAT mostly sticks to asking Writing questions chronologically, so you'll likely find yourself answering several grammar questions about specific sentences, followed by a couple of rhetoric questions that relate to the paragraph as a whole. Don't be lulled into complacency and think you can answer rhetoric questions just by reading through the specific sentence the question asks about and using vague memories of the content of the other sentences you just answered grammar questions on. Instead, skim through the paragraph as a whole and then attempt the rhetoric question. Tip 16: If Both Answers Are Grammatically Correct, Pick the More Concise One One of the skills SAT Writing tests is conciseness, or the use of as few words as necessary to convey meaning clearly. Being able to answer concision questions correctly requires knowing not just what the grammatically correct choice is, but which is the best grammatically correct choice. This might be daunting, especially if you're not a native English speaker, so we recommend following this tip: if both answers are grammatically correct, choose the most concise one. Here's an example of a real SAT question with multiple grammatically correct answer choices: One of the artist’s most famous images showed Tweed with a bag of money in place of his head. A) NO CHANGEB) famous and well-knownC) famous and commonly knownD) famous, commonly known Answer choices A), B), and C) are all grammatically correct replacements for "famous" in the question sentence. So which one is correct? By following the rule of choosing the most concise answer, we can rule out B) and C) to arrive at the correct answer, A). Note that the correct concise answer isn't always going to be the shortest (even though it was in this case); it's the shortest answer that preserves the meaning of the original sentence. In this case, "famous and well-known" and "famous and commonly-known" are both wordier and redundant ways of saying "famous," so there's no reason to change the sentence. SAT Essay Tips Tip 17: Analyze, Then Write Essay prompts on the new SAT ask you to analyze an argument presented in a passage. The graders want to see that you fully grasp the author's point and can write a clear explanation of how he or she builds the argument. You have fifty minutes for the essay, and you should spend a good 10-15 minutes making sure you understand exactly what the author is saying and how you'll outline your essay based on your analysis. Tip 18: Use Specific Evidence Don't just describe how the author builds the argument in your own words; prove your points with specific examples. When you're first reading through the passage, underline sentences or phrases that provide evidence of the author's persuasive techniques. Direct quotes should be used in your essay to reinforce the most important points. Using the evidence at your disposal, you will prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the author committed the crime of having an opinion. SAT Test Day Tips Tip 19: Get Ready the Night Before On the morning of the test, you'll inevitably be nervous. There's a lot of stuff you need to bring to the SAT, and you don't want to forget something at the last minute while you're distracted by your nerves. Here's a checklist to ensure that this doesn't happen: Admission ticket Photo ID #2 pencils and eraser Calculator We also recommend that you bring snacks and water as well asa watch to monitor your pacing.Just put everything in your bag the day before. Don't procrastinate! Tip 20: Skip Difficult Questions This is a key tip if you struggle with time pressure on the SAT. If you're having trouble with a question, skip it and move on before you waste too much time. Lingering on hard questions could cost you easy points if it means you’re not getting to questions later in the section. For the Math and Reading sections, don’t spend more than a minute trying to figure out each question. For the Writing section, don’t spend more than 30 seconds. Circle any questions that you skip so that they’re easier for you to pick out when you go back through the section. You might find that after you’ve answered the rest of the questions, you’ll feel less pressure and be able to think more clearly on questions that initially stumped you. If you still can't figure out the answer, take a guess! The new SAT has no guessing penalty, so it's always better to guess than to leave a question blank. Tip 21: Bubble at the End A good way to save a few minutes of time is to fill in all your answers at the end of the section. Circle your choices in your test booklet as you go along, then go back and bubble them in when you’re done with the section. With this tip, you’ll avoid going back and forth between your test booklet and answer sheet, which is not very efficient and adds a few seconds to your time for each question. Make sure you only use this strategy if you already know you're capable of finishing the section with at least 3-5 minutes to spare! It would be terrible to answer all the questions in your booklet and not have time to fill in your choices on the answer sheet. Tip 22: Double-Check Your Answers While it's tempting to take a rest if you have extra time at the end of an SAT section, you should always double-check your answers first. When you initially make your way through each section, circle questions that you’re unsure about so you can double-check strategically. If you have lots of extra time, you might even go through and check every single one of your answers. This way you’ll pick up on any careless mistakes you might have made if you were rushing or missed a key word in a question. Always double Czech. Tip 23: Stay Calm Above all, keep a cool head on the test. If you see a question you don’t understand, don’t let it psych you out. Just keep going. You might need to skip some questions at first, and that’s ok. Though there is a lot of pressure to finish each section on time, there's nothing wrong with doing the questions out of order. Look at each section with fresh eyes, and try not to dwell on what you might have gotten wrong earlier in the test. Review In this article, I've given you 23 of our best tips for success on the SAT. Here's a quick list for review: Overall Study Tips #1: Eliminate 3 Wrong Answers#2: Always understand your mistakes SAT Reading Tips #3: Pay attention to connotation and context#4: Use find the evidence questions to your advantage#5: Find a good passage reading strategy#6: Read the italicized passage introductions#7: Get interested in the passages#8: Look for direct evidence for your answers SAT Math Tips #9: Focus on filling content gaps#10: Re-solve questions you get wrong before looking at answer explanations#11: Underline the key parts of questions#12: Memorize the formulas SAT Writing Tips #13: Memorize the grammar rules#14: Be careful with "NO CHANGE" answers#15: Skim the paragraph before answering rhetoric questions#16: If both answers are grammatically correct, pick the more concise one SAT Essay Tips #17: Analyze, then write#18: Use specific evidence SAT Test Day Tips #19: Get ready the night before.#20: Skip difficult questions#21: Bubble at the end#22: Double-check your answers#23: Stay calm With these tips, you should be able to improve your performance on the SAT significantly. You should also pay attention to more in-depth strategies in your studying so that you can improve your content knowledge and feel more confident on the test! What's Next? For more strategies, take a look at our guides to getting a perfect SAT score on Reading, Math, Writing and overall. If you're trying to plan out your studying, read our complete plan for SAT studying and our guide to how long you should be studying for the SAT based on your goals. What kinds of study materials do you need to study for the SAT? We break down what the best prep books are (and which books to avoid) in this expert guide. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep classes. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our classes are entirely online, and they're taught by SAT experts. If you liked this article, you'll love our classes. 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Training Programme for Production Manager Assignment

Training Programme for Production Manager - Assignment Example Top-Toy AS is a multinational company headquartered in Denmark with offices and outlets in Finland. This company produces and markets toys in many countries. In order to reduce manufacturing/production costs Top-Toy AS has moved its production of some toys to China. Top-Toy AS has also begun a new policy of shipping its products directly to its distributors in various countries rather than to Denmark to eliminate some of the costs of getting the product to market. Top-Toy has positioned a manager in China to facilitate communication between its headquarters and the manufacturing plant in China. One of the tasks of the China based manager is to help establish Top-Toy's global organizational culture that has made Top-Toy so successful in other markets. The managerial position in China is a three-year posting of an employee from either the Denmark headquarters or their Finland branch. This is a highly sought after post because it increases the value of the employee to Top-Toy AS and alm ost assures that employee a promotion upon their return to Europe. Top-Toy AS's challenge has been to set up an appropriate training programme for prospective managers. The prospective manager chosen for the next three year rotation is Finland native Frans Gustafsson (hypothetical character). Frans is a thirty-five year old married man with two young sons. Frans attended university in the United Kingdom and holds an MA degree. His native language is Finnish and he also has a good command of the English language. Frans' wife Hanna and his two sons Bo and Luukas will accompany him on his rotation. He has one year before his rotation begins and must use that time wisely to prepare. Frans is in luck! Top-Toy AS has developed a training programme for its managers. Frans will complete the training programme with an alternate candidate (chosen in case Frans can't go) who is first in line for the following rotation. The men's wives have been invited to attend various portions of the training programme as well. The first issue to be addressed are the language skills the Fran's will need to communicate with his Chinese counter parts. Both couples were provided with a programme called "RosettaStone level one Chinese that claims that you can "Learn a language naturally with Dynamic Immersion" (Rosetta Stone website). Both couples were also enrolled in an intensive Chinese language and culture course at the University of Helsinki. A very important part of the course at the university is a study in the cultural differences that exist when conducting business. Frans, and the others, were encouraged to focus on the cultural differences that exist between Chinese workers and Scandinavian workers. In China, managerial relationships with workers have traditionally focused on relationships and family backgrounds. The factory took care of your family while you worked hard for the factory (Su Yi, pg 1.). In contrast, western European managerial/worker relationships are based upon qualifications, compete ncy, and performance. Fran's, and the others, have to learn how to effectively manage in the Chinese workplace. Frans, and his alternate, will communicate frequently with the current manager in China to get a feel for the managerial style that is currently being used at the factory. Both